Coagulation status in patients with pulmonary embolism receiving long-term anticoagulant therapy

Aim. To study the blood coagulation status by various laboratory methods in patients after pulmonary embolism (PE) receiving long-term anticoagulant therapy.Material and methods. The blood of 23 patients with pulmonary embolism, who received long-term anticoagulant therapy, was studied. The study of coagulation profile, D-dimer, thrombodynamics, thromboelastography and thrombin generation test were carried out.Results. The thrombin generation test shows a significant increase in the time of its formation, while the maximum amount of thrombin formed is half that of the reference values. There is a slightly increased median fibrin clot growth rate in the thrombodynamics test — 30,4 gm/min with a normal coagulation rate of 20-29 gm/min. The result of thromboelastography also reflects the blood hypocoagulation, in terms of R, Angle a and CI.Conclusion. Integral methods for assessing the thrombotic readiness in combination with a routine coagulation panel demonstrate a complete picture of blood coagulation potential in patients after pulmonary embolism requiring long-term anticoagulant therapy.

Stationary Non-equilibrium Solutions for Coagulation Systems

We study coagulation equations under non-equilibrium conditions which are induced by the addition of a source term for small cluster sizes. We consider both discrete and continuous coagulation equations, and allow for a large class of coagulation rate kernels, with the main restriction being boundedness from above and below by certain weight functions. The weight functions depend on two power law parameters, and the assumptions cover, in particular, the commonly used free molecular and diffusion limited aggregation coagulation kernels. Our main result shows that the two weight function parameters already determine whether there exists a stationary solution under the presence of a source term. In particular, we find that the diffusive kernel allows for the existence of stationary solutions while there cannot be any such solutions for the free molecular kernel. The argument to prove the non-existence of solutions relies on a novel power law lower bound, valid in the appropriate parameter regime, for the decay of stationary solutions with a constant flux. We obtain optimal lower and upper estimates of the solutions for large cluster sizes, and prove that the solutions of the discrete model behave asymptotically as solutions of the continuous model.

Distribution of non-spherical nanoparticles in turbulent flow of ventilation chamber considering fluctuating particle number density

The Reynolds-averaged general dynamic equation (RAGDE) for the nanoparticle size distribution function is derived, including the contribution to particle coagulation resulting from the fluctuating concentration. The equation together with that of a turbulent gas flow is solved numerically in the turbulent flow of a ventilation chamber with a jet on the wall based on the proposed model relating the fluctuating coagulation to the gradient of mean concentration. Some results are compared with the experimental data. The results show that the proposed model relating the fluctuating coagulation to the gradient of mean concentration is reasonable, and it is necessary to consider the contribution to coagulation resulting from the fluctuating concentration in such a flow. The changes of the particle number concentration M0 and the geometric mean diameter dg are more obvious in the core area of the jet, but less obvious in other areas. With the increase in the initial particle number concentration m00, the values of M0 and the standard deviation of the particle size σ decrease, but the value of dg increases. The decrease in the initial particle diameter leads to the reduction of M0 and σ, and the increase in dg. With the increase in the Reynolds number, particles have few chances of collision, and hence the coagulation rate is reduced, leading to the increase in M0 and σ, and the decrease in dg.

Toxic Effect of Aflatoxins in Dogs Fed Contaminated Commercial Dry Feed: A Review

Since its first patent (1897), commercial dry feed (CDF) for dogs has diversified its formulation to meet the nutritional needs of different breeds, age, or special conditions and establish a foundation for integration of these pets into urban lifestyles. The risk of aflatoxicosis in dogs has increased because the ingredients used to formulate CDF have also proliferated, making it difficult to ensure the quality required of each to achieve the safety of the entire CDF. This review contains a description of the fungi and aflatoxins detected in CDF and the ingredients commonly used for their formulation. The mechanisms of action and pathogenic effects of aflatoxins are outlined; as well as the clinical findings, and macroscopic and microscopic lesions found in aflatoxicosis in dogs. In addition, alternatives for diagnosis, treatment, and control of aflatoxins (AF) in CDF are analyzed, such as biomarkers of effect, improvement of blood coagulation, rate of elimination of AF, control of secondary infection, protection of gastric mucosa, reduction of oxidative stress, use of chemo-protectors, sequestrants, grain-free CDF, biocontrol, and maximum permitted limits, are also included.

Coupling LES with soot model for the study of soot volume fraction in a turbulent diffusion jet flames at various Reynolds number configurations

Purpose This study aims to investigate the insights of soot formation such as rate of soot coagulation, rate of soot nucleation, rate of soot surface growth and soot surface oxidation in ethylene/hydrogen/nitrogen diffusion jet flame at standard atmospheric conditions, which is very challenging to capture even with highly sophisticated measuring systems such as Laser Induced Incandescence and Planar laser-induced fluorescence. The study also aims to investigate the volume of soot in the flame using soot volume fraction and to understand the global correlation effect in the formation of soot in ethylene/hydrogen/nitrogen diffusion jet flame. Design/methodology/approach A large eddy simulation (LES) was performed using box filtered subgrid-scale tensor. A filtered and residual component of the governing equations such as continuity, momentum, energy and species are resolved and modeled, respectively. All the filtered and residual components are numerically solved using the ILU method by considering PISO pressure–velocity solver. All the hyperbolic flux uses the QUICK algorithm, and an elliptic flux uses SOU to evaluate face values. In all the cases, Courant–Friedrichs–Lewy (CFL) conditions are maintained unity. Findings The findings are as follows: soot volume fraction (SVF) as a function of a flame-normalized length for three different Reynolds number configurations (Re = 15,000, Re = 8,000 and Re = 5,000) using LES; soot gas phase and particulate phase insights such as rate of soot nucleation, rate of soot coagulation, rate of soot surface growth and soot surface oxidation for three different Reynolds number configurations (Re = 15,000, Re = 8,000 and Re = 5,000); and soot global correction using total soot volume in the flame volume as a function of Reynolds number and Froude number. Originality/value The originality of this study includes the following: coupling LES turbulent model with chemical equilibrium diffusion combustion conjunction with semi-empirical Brookes Moss Hall (BMH) soot model by choosing C6H6 as a soot precursor kinetic pathway; insights of soot formations such as rate of soot nucleation, soot coagulation rate, soot surface growth rate and soot oxidation rate for ethylene/hydrogen/nitrogen co-flow flame; and SVF and its insights study for three inlet fuel port configurations having the three different Reynolds number (Re = 15,000, Re = 8,000 and Re = 5,000).

Dust coagulation feedback on magnetohydrodynamic resistivities in protostellar collapse

Context. The degree of coupling between the gas and the magnetic field during the collapse of a core and the subsequent formation of a disk depends on the assumed dust size distribution. Aims. We study the impact of grain–grain coagulation on the evolution of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) resistivities during the collapse of a prestellar core. Methods. We use a 1D model to follow the evolution of the dust size distribution, out-of-equilibrium ionisation state, and gas chemistry during the collapse of a prestellar core. To compute the grain–grain collisional rate, we consider models for both random and systematic, size-dependent, velocities. We include grain growth through grain–grain coagulation and ice accretion, but ignore grain fragmentation. Results. Starting with a Mathis-Rumpl-Nordsieck (MRN) size distribution (Mathis et al. 1977, ApJ, 217, 425), we find that coagulation in grain–grain collisions generated by hydrodynamical turbulence is not efficient at removing the smallest grains and, as a consequence, does not have a large effect on the evolution of the Hall and ambipolar diffusion MHD resistivities, which still drop significantly during the collapse like in models without coagulation. The inclusion of systematic velocities, possibly induced by the presence of ambipolar diffusion, increases the coagulation rate between small and large grains, removing small grains earlier in the collapse and therefore limiting the drop in the Hall and ambipolar diffusion resistivities. At intermediate densities (nH ~ 108 cm−3), the Hall and ambipolar diffusion resistivities are found to be higher by 1 to 2 orders of magnitude in models with coagulation than in models where coagulation is ignored, and also higher than in a toy model without coagulation where all grains smaller than 0.1 μm would have been removed in the parent cloud before the collapse. Conclusions. When grain drift velocities induced by ambipolar diffusion are included, dust coagulation happening during the collapse of a prestellar core starting from an initial MRN dust size distribution appears to be efficient enough to increase the MHD resistivities to the values necessary to strongly modify the magnetically regulated formation of a planet-forming disk. A consistent treatment of the competition between fragmentation and coagulation is, however, necessary before reaching firm conclusions.

The use of magnetic reagent clarification of drinking water tointensifywater treatment processes

Одной из актуальных задач, связанных с улучшением здоровья населения, является возможность потребления воды, по показателям качества, соответствующей нормативам на питьевую воду. Вместе с тем, по данным ВОЗ только 1% воды из источников питьевого и рыбохозяйственного назначения на Земле пригоден для использования без предварительной подготовки. Во всех остальных случаях очистка воды, включающая её обеззараживание, просто необходима. В зависимости от физико-химического состава воды и её микробиологических загрязнений выбирается та или иная технология водоподготовки.Цель работы.В этой связи, на объектах водоподготовки всё более необходимым является включение в технологическую схему новых инновационных решений, которые не предусматривают полную реконструкцию существующих систем, а позволяют эффективно модернизировать уже имеющиеся. Одним из наиболее перспективных решений в этом направлении могло бы явиться применение методов обработки воды магнитно-реагентным способом.Методы исследования.Предложена технология магнитно-реагентной обработки воды, позволяющая интенсифицировать этап реагентного осветления, без существенных затрат на реконструкцию объекта. Опытные испытания на станции водоподготовки позволили установить, что магнитная обработка увеличивает скорость коагуляции взвесей, снижает требуемое время пребывания воды в осветлителе, сокращает расход реагентов на 25-30%.Результаты работы.В статье рассмотрена основная проблема классической системы водоподготовки, связанная с большим расходом реагентов и необходимостью систематического подбора оптимальной дозировки под изменяющиеся параметры среды. Показано, что предлагаемая технология может рассматриваться как в качестве модернизации существующих станций водоподготовки работающих по типовой схеме, так и при проектировании новых объектов. Вне зависимости от сложности применяемых для очистки поверхностных вод технологий в начальной стадии очистки, как правило, используется метод отстаивания, осуществляемый путем введения в воду коагулирующих реагентов для формирования флокул, в которые входят извлекаемые из воды загрязнения. Несмотря на высокую эффективность, применение данного метода сопряжено, как с расходом дорогостоящих реагентов, так и с необходимостью осуществления постоянного контроля за их дозировками, что объясняется непрерывными изменениями показателей качества поверхностных вод по сезонам года One of the urgent tasks associated with improving public health is the possibility of water consumption, in terms of quality, consistent with drinking water standards. At the same time, according to WHO, only 1% of water from drinking and fishery sources on Earth is suitable for use without prior preparation. In all other cases, water treatment, including its disinfection, is simply necessary. Depending on the physicochemical composition of the water and its microbiological contaminants, one or another water treatment technology is selected.Aim.In this regard, at water treatment facilities, it is increasingly necessary to include new innovative solutions in the technological scheme that do not provide for the complete reconstruction of existing systems, but allow for the effective modernization of existing ones. One of the most promising solutions in this direction could be the use of methods for treating water with a magnetic reagent method. Methods.The technology of magnetic reagent water treatment is proposed, which allows to intensify the reagent clarification stage, without significant costs for the reconstruction of the facility. Experimental tests at the water treatment station made it possible to establish that magnetic treatment increases the coagulation rate of suspensions, reduces the required residence time of water in the clarifier, and reduces the consumption of reagents by 25-30%.Results.The article considers the main problem of the classical water treatment system associated with a high consumption of reagents and the need for a systematic selection of the optimal dosage for changing environmental parameters. It is shown that the proposed technology can be considered both as a modernization of existing water treatment plants operating according to the standard scheme, and when designing new facilities.Regardless of the complexity of the technologies used for surface water purification in the initial stage of purification, as a rule, the settling method is used, which is carried out by introducing coagulating reagents into the water to form flocs that include contaminants extracted from water. Despite its high efficiency, the use of this method involves both the consumption of expensive reagents and the need to constantly monitor their dosages, which is explained by continuous changes in surface water quality indicators over the seasons of the year.

BPA toxicity during development of zebrafish embryo

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a monomer used in the production of polycarbonate, a polymer commonly found in plastics, epoxy resins and thermal papers. The presence of BPA in food, water, air and dust has been of great concern in recent years not only due to environmental and ecological issues but also because of its supposed risk to public health related to its mutagenic and carcinogenic potential. In this study we evaluated the toxicity of bisphenol A in zebrafish embryos (Danio rerio) and determined the 50% lethal concentration (LC50) of this chemical. BPA was used at concentrations ranging from 1 μM to 100 μM in E3 medium/0.5% dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) from previously prepared stock solutions in 100% DMSO. Controls included embryos exposed only to E3 medium or supplemented with 0.5% DMSO. Camptothecin (CPT), a known inhibitor of cell proliferation was used as positive control at a concentration of 0.001 μM in E3 medium/0.5% DMSO. Adults zebrafish were placed for breeding a day before the experimental set up, then, viable embryos were collected and selected for use. Experiments were carried out in triplicates, according to specifications from Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). One embryo/well (25 embryos per concentration) was distributed in 96 well microplates in presence or absence of the chemicals. The plates were kept in BOD incubators with a controlled temperature of 28.5 ºC and with photoperiod of 14 h light:10 h dark. After 24h, 48h, 72h and 96h exposure, the exposed embryos were evaluated according to the following parameters: mortality, coagulation, rate of heartbeat, hatching and presence of morphological abnormalities. Photography was obtained by photomicroscopy. Apoptosis was evaluated by DNA ladder assay. DNA was extracted by phenol:chloroform method and analyzed by 2% agarose gel electrophoresis. DNA fragments were visualized after ethidium bromide staining in ultraviolet transilluminator. The LC50 determined for BPA was 70 μM after 24 hours, 72 μM after 48 hours, 47 μM after 72 hours and 31 μM after 96 hours exposure. BPA induced morphological and physiological alterations such as yolk sac and pericardial edema, hatching delay or inhibition, spine deformation, decreasing in heartbeat rate and mortality. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that BPA induced marked malformations in zebrafish embryos at concentrations above 25 μM corroborating the current concerns related to the widespread presence of BPA in the air, food and water used by humans as well as in the bodily fluids and tissues.