E-Government 4.0: Managing APIs as Facilitators for Digital Transformation

Digital transformation is, among others, notably driven by servitization, and consequently, IT artifacts called Application Programming Interfaces (APIs), together with disruptive technologies and innovations. In order to set up proper policies, the understanding of the above factors is essential, including their influences on value adding chains. This paper therefore provides an analysis of APIs developments together with their impacts on digital transformation. As they can affect organizations and even national economies at strategic level, appropriate management from a systemic perspective is justified, including e-Government initiatives. Further, APIs cannot be treated without their relations to disruptive technologies, innovations and value chains. Therefore, the advancements of theoretical understanding of evolution of value chains, and practical directions for e-government initiatives are given in this paper. In addition, an archetype model is developed that provides a basis for further research efforts in the area. Received: 7 October 2021 / Accepted: 29 November 2021 / Published: 3 January 2022

The Proliferation of the Online Sales of Tourism Activities

The online sales of tourism activities are increasing despite once-sluggish growth, especially in contrast to other tourism segments, i.e., transportation and accommodation, which already had a more significant share of online sales. This article aims to provide a narrative as to why tourism activities took longer than other travel segments to be sold online and why the trend of being sold increasingly online will continue into the future. The article concludes that two key factors, the nature of tourism activities (i.e., subjective and customizable) and technological advancements, have contributed to this trend. These technological advancements include tourism activity booking software-as-a-service (SaaS), innovation in payments technology, application programming interfaces (APIs), big data, and dynamic packaging. Additionally, the COVID-19 pandemic further accelerated this trend.

Para além dos dados coletados: políticas das APIs nas plataformas de mídias digitais

O artigo discute questões conceituais e metodológicas a serem enfrentadas por pesquisas empíricas baseadas em dados obtidos através de Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) de plataformas online. Em diálogo com os Estudos de Plataforma, métodos digitais e outras abordagens ancoradas nos estudos de ciência e tecnologia (STS), o artigo volta-se para a relação entre as políticas das APIs e dimensões como affordances, governança, datificação e mediações algorítmicas em mídias sociais como Twitter e Facebook. Aspectos materiais, políticos, normativos e econômicos são discutidos por meio de exemplos que vão da implementação das primeiras APIs, nos anos 2000, aos desafios recentes, em especial após o escândalo Cambridge Analytica.