Preplant Fertilization Increases Substrate Microbial Respiration But Does Not Affect Southern Highbush Blueberry Establishment in a Coconut Coir-based Substrate

Coconut coir is widely used as a substrate component for southern highbush blueberry [(SHB) Vaccinium corymbosum L. interspecific hybrids] cultivation in containers. Coconut coir-based substrates can exhibit high potassium (K), sodium (Na), and chlorine (Cl) concentrations. Sodium in the substrate is particularly problematic because it can cause salinity stress and nutritional imbalances in young blueberry plants. Thus, Na removal is important to ensure transplant success. We hypothesized that preplant fertilization with large volumes of nutrient solution can reduce substrate salinity, replace Na with nutritional cations, and enhance blueberry establishment. We tested this hypothesis in a greenhouse experiment with ‘Snowchaser’ SHB grown in rhizoboxes filled with a 7:3 mix of coconut coir and perlite. Four different treatments were delivered every 24 hours starting 72 hours before transplant. Treatments included 1.75 g⋅L–1 calcium nitrate (CN), 2.38 g⋅L–1 monoammonium phosphate (MAP), deionized water, and well water. One rooted cutting was transplanted to each rhizobox. Rhizoboxes were fertigated during the 7-week cultivation period. We found that preplant fertilization increased nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and calcium (Ca) concentrations in the substrate without replacing Na. Thus, preplant fertilization increased substrate salinity. Preplant fertilization also promoted microbial respiration in the substrate at the start of the experiment. Treatments did not affect SHB root architecture, leaf area index, leaf greenness, or biomass accumulation, likely because nutrients delivered by the fertigation solution provided the plants with homogeneous optimal conditions. These findings suggest that preplant fertilization with large volumes of nutrient solution does not enhance blueberry establishment in coconut coir-based substrates.

Is foliar Cl- concentration the cause of photosynthetic decline in grapevine during mild salinity?

Moderate levels of Cl- have been associated with grapevine salt tolerance. The hypothesis to be tested in this work is: photosynthesis in grapevine is negatively correlated with foliar Cl- concentration. To further test this hypothesis, multiple mild salinity experiments on four different Vitis genotypes (Cabernet-Sauvignon, Riparia Gloire, Ramsey and SC2) were conducted and photosynthesis, ion concentrations and gene expression responses were quantified. The salt-tolerant rootstock Ramsey had greater Cl- exclusion capabilities than V. vinifera cultivars both during rooted cutting greenhouse experiments and three years of field-grafted experiments; SC2 also excluded Cl-. Differential gene expression indicated that salinity affected transcript abundance more in salt-sensitive genotypes (97.7 % of DEGs in the dataset), especially chloroplast-related transcripts. The transcript abundances of known anion transporters were determined and a family of putative B transporters was associated with the Cl- exclusion phenotype. Photosynthesis and growth were maintained in Ramsey and SC2 under mild salinity. However, photosynthesis declined in Cabernet-Sauvignon with isosmotic 20 mM salt concentrations of NaCl, KCl or NaNO3, independent of the salt type. While foliar Cl- concentrations did correlate with salt tolerance during control and NaCl conditions, it was not found to be the cause of photosynthetic decline in Vitis during mild salinity.

EFFECT OF VARIOUS CONCENTRATIONS OF ROOTING HORMONES ON MULTIPLICATION OF BUTTON WOOD TREE (CONOCARPUS ERECTUS L.)

The present investigation entitled “Effect of IBA and NAA on vegetative propagation of button wood tree (Conocarpus erectus L.)” was carried out during 2019 - 2020 at Dr. Y.S.R. Horticultural University, College of horticulture, Anantharajupeta, Y.S.R Kadapa district, Andhra Pradesh. Semi hard wood stem cuttings of Conocarpus erectus were treated with 1000, 2000, 3000 ppm IBA and NAA solutions by quick dip method. Cuttings were then subjected to rooting in a media consisting of sandy soil, farm yard manure, single super phosphate in a ratio of 2:1:1 mixture in black polythene bags. Among all the treatments, number of sprouted cuttings, length of sprout per cutting, diameter of sprout per cutting, number of leaves per cutting, percentage of rooted cutting, number of primary roots per cutting, number of secondary roots per cutting, length of roots per cutting, number of plants transplanted and number of plants established were higher in IBA 3000 ppm.

PENGARUH LAMA PENYIMPANAN SETEK BERAKAR TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN NILAM(Pogostemon cablin Benth)

ABSTRAK<br />Dalam upaya pengembangan nilam (Pogostemon cablin) di daerah<br />yang jaraknya jauh dari kebun induk, pengadaan benih nilam yang berkua-<br />litas menjadi masalah yang serius, karena bibit akan cepat mengalami<br />penurunan kualitas selama transportasi. Untuk itu dilaksanakan penelitian<br />yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh lama simpan setek berakar<br />nilam terhadap pertumbuhan. Percobaan dilaksanakan di rumah kaca Balai<br />Penelitian Tanaman Rempah dan Obat (Balittro) dari bulan April –<br />Agustus 2004. Percobaan disusun dalam rancangan petak terbagi (RPT)<br />dengan 3 ulangan. Petak utama (main plot) adalah 2 jenis setek nilam<br />yaitu: (1) setek berdaun dan (2) setek tidak berdaun. Anak petak (sub plot)<br />adalah lama penyimpanan setek yaitu: (1) setek langsung ditanam<br />(kontrol), (2) setek disimpan 1 hari, (3) setek disimpan 3 hari, (4)setek<br />disimpan 5 hari dan, (5) setek disimpan 7 hari. Pengamatan dilakukan<br />sejak tanaman berumur 2 minggu sampai tanaman berumur 8 minggu.<br />Parameter yang diamati meliputi pertumbuhan tanaman (tinggi, jumlah<br />daun dan jumlah tunas), bobot kering (batang, daun, akar). Hasil perco-<br />baan menunjukkan bahwa persentase hidup setek nilam berakar (setek<br />berdaun dan setek tidak berdaun) masih 100% setelah disimpan selama 7<br />hari. Hampir dari seluruh parameter pertumbuhan (tinggi tanaman, jumlah<br />cabang, jumlah daun) yang diamati menunjukkan bahwa pertumbuhan<br />bibit setek berdaun lebih baik dibandingkan dengan setek yang tidak<br />berdaun.<br />Kata kunci : Nilam, Pogostemon cablin Benth, bibit, setek berakar,<br />penyimpanan, pertumbuhan, Jawa Barat<br />ABSTRACT<br />Effect of storage periods of rooted cutting on the growth<br />of patchouli (Pogostemon cablin Benth)<br />Providing high quality of patchouli (Pogostemon cablin Benth)<br />seedlings is necessary to support the development of patchouli plants. In<br />the new developing area transportation become serious problems (high<br />cost transportation), therefore some alternative solution is reducing the<br />transportation cost without reducing the quality of the seedlings. Base on<br />the problems, this experiment was conducted. The objective of this<br />experiment was to study the effect of storage periods of rooted cuttings on<br />the growth of patchouli plant. The experiment was conducted in the green<br />house of Indonesian Spice and Medicinal Crops Research Institute<br />(ISMECRI), from April to August 2004. The experiment was arranged in<br />a split-plot design with 3 replications. The main plot was 2 kinds of cutting<br />there were: (1) leaf cutting and (2) non leaf cutting. The sub plot was 5<br />different storage periods, there were: (1) control (no storage), (2)1 day<br />storage, (3) 3 day storage, (4) 5 day storage, (5) 7 day storage. The<br />variables observed were plant growth (plant height, number of leaves and<br />number of shoots), dry weight of stems, leaves and roots. The results of<br />experiment indicated that after 7 day storage, rooted cuttings of patchouli<br />were still 100% viable. The growth of patchouli from leaf cutting was<br />significantly different from non leaf cutting. Patchouli plant from leaf<br />cutting produced higher plant height, number of leaves, number of shoots<br />and dry weight of plants compared to those of patchouli plants from non<br />leaf cuttings. Storage period significantly affected the height of plants<br />however it did not significantly affected the number of leaves, number of<br />shoots and dry weight of plants.<br />Key words: Pacthouli, Pogostemon cablin, seedlings, rooted cutting,<br />storage, growth, West JavE

PENGARUH JENIS KEMASAN TERHADAP MUTU DAN PERTUMBUHAN SETEK NILAM BERAKAR (Pogostemon cablin Benth) SELAMA PENYIMPANAN

ABSTRAK<br />Penanganan benih yang baik sangat diperlukan untuk mempertahan-<br />kan viabilitas benih nilam yang dikirim ke daerah yang jauh dari kebun<br />induk. Benih yang tidak dikemas dengan baik akan berakibat menurunnya<br />viabilitas benih dengan cepat, sehingga pada saat ditanam benih tidak<br />dapat tumbuh (mati). Untuk itu telah dilaksanakan penelitian yang<br />bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh jenis kemasan setek berakar<br />terhadap pertumbuhan nilam. Percobaan dilaksanakan di rumah kaca Balai<br />Penelitian Tanaman Obat dan Aromatik (Balittro) dari bulan Desember<br />2004 sampai dengan Maret 2005. Percobaan disusun dalam rancangan<br />acak lengkap (RAL) terdiri atas tujuh perlakuan dengan 3 ulangan.<br />Perlakuan yang diberikan adalah : (1) setek nilam dibalut tissue dan<br />dibungkus plastik transparan, (2) setek nilam dibalut koran dan dibungkus<br />plastik transparan, (3) setek nilam dibalut cocopeat dan dibungkus plastik<br />transparan, (4) setek nilam dibalut tissue dan dibungkus karung plastik, (5)<br />setek nilam dibalut koran dan dibungkus karung plastik, (6) setek nilam<br />dibalut cocopeat dan dibungkus karung plastik, (7) kontrol (setek tidak<br />dibalut dan tidak dibungkus). Hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwa<br />persentase hidup setek berakar nilam yang disimpan selama 7 hari pada<br />semua kemasan kecuali kontrol masih tinggi yaitu &gt;90%. Hampir dari<br />seluruh parameter pertumbuhan (tinggi tanaman, jumlah tunas dan jumlah<br />daun) yang diamati menunjukkan pengemasan setek nilam dibalut tissue<br />dan dibungkus plastik transparan lebih baik dibandingkan dengan<br />pengemasan setek yang lain.<br />Kata kunci : Nilam, Pogostemon cablin, benih, setek berakar, jenis<br />kemasan, pertumbuhan, Jawa Barat<br />ABSTRACT<br />Effect of packing materials on the quality and growth of<br />patchouli rooted cuttings<br />Good seed handling should be carried out seriously to maintain the<br />cutting viability of pacthouli especially when the cutting distributed to<br />other region far away from the seed garden. Improper cutting packing will<br />decrease of viability the cutting very fast and when it is planted the cutting<br />will not grow.Therefore, the research was conducted to find out the effect<br />of packing material on the growth of rooted cutting. The experiment was<br />conducted in the green house of the Indonesian Research Institute for<br />Aromatic and Medicinal Crops Bogor from December 2004 to March<br />2005, and it was arranged completely in a randomized design (CRD) with<br />3 replications, consisted of 7 packing treatments. The treatments were : (1)<br />rooted cuttings wrapped using transparent plastic with tissue media, (2)<br />rooted cuttings wrapped using transparent plastic with newspaper media,<br />(3) rooted cuttings wrapped using transparent plastic with cocopeat media,<br />(4) rooted cuttings wrapped using plastic sack with tissue media, (5) rooted<br />cuttings wrapped using plastic sack with newspaper media, (6) rooted<br />cuttings wrapped using plastic sack with cocopeat media, (7) control<br />(unwrapped seedling). The results indicated that after 7 days of storage,<br />rooted cuttings of patchouli were still viable (&gt;90%) in all treatments<br />except control. Packing of rooted cuttings by wrapping it with transparent<br />plastic with tissue media showed the best growth with more number of<br />leaves and higher plant compared to other packing treatments.<br />Key words : Patchouli, Pogostemon cablin, seedling, rooted cutting,<br />packing material, growth, West Java

Propagation of native plants with ornamental potential from Serra do Oratório, Santa Catarina State, Brazil

The use of native plants enriches the landscape projects, conserves the local flora, creates a local identity and promotes the symbiosis between native fauna and flora. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the vegetative propagation of the native species Calibrachoa sellowiana, Tibouchina dubia and Verbena rigida, using cuttings submitted to different concentrations of indolebutyric acid (IBA), naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and substrates. From the stock plants, the cuttings were excised from the apex, with leaves number varying according to the species. In the propagation of Calibrachoa sellowiana, Tibouchina dubia and Verbena rigida under different concentrations of IBA, 4 treatments were carried out, consisting of IBA at concentrations of 0 mg L-1 (control), 500 mg L-1, 1000 mg L-1 and 2,000 mg L-1. In the propagation of Tibouchina dubia under different concentrations of NAA, the experiment was developed using four treatments, NAA was diluted in acetone + talc at concentrations of 0 mg L-1 (control), 2,000 mg L-1, 4,000 mg L-1 and 6,000 mg L-1. The evaluated variables for all the experiments were: percentage of rooted cuttings, number of roots per rooted cutting, average root length (cm) and number of shoots. In the substrate experiment, the treatments were sand, vermiculite, Plantmax® and mixture of soil + sand, for all the species from the previous experiments. Calibrachoa sellowiana and Verbena rigida, rooted with low concentration of IBA, 0 e 500 mg L-1, respectively, but the PGR was not essential to rooting phase, since the control also developed roots. For Tibouchina dubia the IBA and NAA did not promoted rooting. Calibrachoa sellowiana rooted better with soil + sand, differing from Verbena rigida, which rooted better with Plantmax®.

Effect of The Date and Concentrations of The IBA on Rooting and Growth of Semi-Hard Wood Cuttings of Two Olive (Olea europaea L.) Varieties

This study was conducted in the plastic house at the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Design - College of Agriculture and Forestry - University of Mosul, Iraq. For the period from 1/2/2013 until 1/8/2013. To study the effect of three dates of cutting collection from 1st February to 1st April monthly intervals, and soaking the cuttings in four concentrations of IBA solution 0, 2000, 3000, 4000mg.l-1 seconds on the rooting ability and subsequent growth of semi-hard wood cuttings of two olive varieties Gordal Sevillano and Tanche. The results were showed the cuttings were collected on the 1st of March resulted into the highest of rooted cutting, survival %, carbohydrate content, carbohydrate to nitrogen (C/N ratio) in the basal cuttings. Rooting increased proportionately with increasing of IBA concentrations principally the cuttings were soaked in 4000mg.l-1. Gordal Sevillano cuttings gave a significantly increase of rooting and the basal cuttings gave a significantly increased of carbohydrates content than Tanche variety. The best rooting percentage were get from interaction between Gordal Sevillano which collected on the 1st of March treated with 4000 mg.l-1 were gave 66.67%. Highest rate of survival (80.0%) of control treatment of Tanche olive variety were taken on 1st of February. The highest content of carbohydrate (18.10) were obtained in Gordal Sevillano basal cuttings were taken on 1st of March. Higher percentage of Nitrogen (1.58%) were obtained from interaction between basal cutting of Gordal Sevillano variety. were taken on 1st of March. The highest percentage of C/N ration were got by interaction of Gordal Sevillano which collected on 1st of March.

Alginate gel entrapped ectomycorrhizal inoculum promoted growth of cuttings of Eucalyptus clones under nursery conditions

Plant inoculation with ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) maximizes the productive potential of forest stands. Thus, the inoculation efficiency of calcium alginate gel entrapped EMF vegetative mycelium was evaluated in a commercial nursery using cuttings of Eucalyptus clones GG100 and GG680. The cuttings were inoculated with Pisolithus microcarpus G. Cunn. (Cooke & Massee), Hysterangium gardneri E. Fisch., and Scleroderma areolatum Ehrenb. The cuttings were cultivated under low phosphate fertilization and compared with uninoculated control treatments with reduced phosphate (low P control) and full phosphate (high P control) fertilization. Pisolithus microcarpus inoculation increased shoot height, root collar diameter, shoot dry mass, total dry mass, and frequency of maximum score for root ball formation of the two clones compared with the low P control treatment. Also, in relation to the low P control treatment, H. gardneri inoculation increased shoot dry mass in GG100 rooted cuttings. Scleroderma areolatum inoculation did not enhance any characteristic of Eucalyptus rooted cuttings. Inoculation of vegetative mycelium with EMF impregnated in calcium alginate gel intensified rooted cutting growth in a commercial Eucalyptus nursery and decreased the phosphate dose required. Based on the comparison of two Eucalyptus clones, efficiency of the inoculants in promoting benefits depends on the fungus and the Eucalyptus clone. Pisolithus microcarpus is most promising for inoculation in Eucalyptus cuttings.

PRODUÇÃO DE MUDAS A PARTIR DE MINIESTACAS DE 38 VARIEDADES DO CRUZAMENTO DA BATATA-DOCE LONDRINA E URUGUAIANA

Sweet potatoes are a very important crop and genetic improvement works are necessary. Each plant originated from a botanical seed is a new cultivar, being important its multiplication. The objective of this work was to evaluate the production of sweet potato seedlings from mini-cuttings from different varieties from the same parents. The treatments consisted of mini-cuttings of 38 varieties and of their Londrina and Uruguaiana parents. The experimental design was in randomized blocks, with three replications. The following characteristics were evaluated: percentage of mini-rooted cutting and survival of seedlings after transplanting. The average minirooted cuttings was 91.4%. The survival rate in the field was above 99%. However, there was difference among the varieties mainly regarding the mini-rooted cuttings (values between 100% and 62.9%). It was concluded that the production of seedlings from mini-cuttings is a viable tool for genetic material multiplication from Londrina and Uruguaiana varieties crossing in programs of improvement.

Swirski Mite Controlled-release Sachets as a Pest Management Tool in Container Tree Production

Adoption of biological control tools in woody ornamental nursery production has lagged behind other agriculture fields. One of the major obstacles to adoption is lack of information on the efficacy of various biological control agents in nursery production systems. The predatory mite Amblyseius swirskii, sold commercially as “swirski mite,” is a generalist predatory mite that has recently been adopted as a generalist control for a wide range of mite and insect pests, including thrips (Thripidae), whiteflies (Aleyrodidae), eriophyid mites (Eriophyidae), broad mite (Polyphagotarsonemus latus), and spider mites (Tetranychidae). A controlled-release sachet formulation of swirski mite was evaluated in three experiments to determine whether size of the tree, timing of first application, or sun intensity would affect treatment efficacy. Pest numbers on plants was evaluated biweekly for 12 weeks. The swirski mite sachets controlled broad mite and spider mite outbreaks on red maple trees (Acer rubrum) grown in nos. 3 and 15 nursery containers, respectively. Application at the time of red maple rooted cutting transplant was not necessary to achieve summer-long control of pests. No outbreaks of target pests on flowering dogwood (Cornus florida) in no. 5 containers grown under both full sun and shade, but with low levels of broad mite persisting in the shade treatment and thrips persisting in sun. These results suggest that swirski mite is a promising candidate for biological control in woody ornamental nursery production.