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2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stijn Debrouwere ◽  
Yves Rosseel

The ideal experiment in physics must be conceptual, cunning and conclusive. Adoption of these same standards in psychology has led to experiments that are uninformative and frivolous. We explain why we believe that psychology is fundamentally incompatible with hypothesis-driven theoretical science and conclude that this erodes the logic behind recent proposals to improve psychological research, such as stricter statistical standards, preregistration and replication. The failure of psychology is not that it is somehow insufficiently scientific, but rather that it is inordinately fond of methods that are a mismatch for the aspirations of researchers in the field, at the expense of valuable empirical research.


2021 ◽  
pp. 174569162110269
Author(s):  
Stijn Debrouwere ◽  
Yves Rosseel

The ideal experiment in physics must be conceptual, cunning, and conclusive. Adoption of these same standards in psychology has led to experiments that are uninformative and frivolous. We explain why we believe that psychology is fundamentally incompatible with hypothesis-driven theoretical science and conclude that this erodes the logic behind recent proposals to improve psychological research, such as stricter statistical standards, preregistration, and replication. The failure of psychology is not that it is somehow insufficiently scientific but rather that it makes inordinate use of methods that are a mismatch for the aspirations of researchers in the field, at the expense of valuable empirical research.


2021 ◽  
pp. 39-50
Author(s):  
Denis V. Iroshnikov

Security is an interdisciplinary scientific category with deep potential for study by philosophers, political scientists, and other representatives of the social sciences. Security issues are also linked with the science “Theory of State and Law”, which studies the general principles of the emergence, evolution, functioning and interaction of state and law. At the same time, the concepts (schools) of security existing in the world, while remaining widely studied in political sciences, have not yet been studied by the theoretical science of state and law. The aim of the article is analysis of the basic concepts of security through the prism of the science “Theory of State and Law”, which will enrich the science with new theoretical and methodological material, opening new space for interdisciplinary studies of security from the standpoint of legal and political sciences.


2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Fahrul Nurkolis ◽  
Dian Aruni Kumalawati ◽  
Reza Sukma Dewi ◽  
Maizer Said Nahdi ◽  
Defny Silvia Wewengkang ◽  
...  

Based on the high prevalence of anemia of more than 24% population affected, the natural potential of Indonesia such as Sponge and Moringa leaves to be a salt product high in iron, and interconnection between this theoretical science and Islamic studies related to the utilization of natural materials, we want to explore how potential be a product that can be one of the efforts to alleviate anemia. Initial data collection to explore sponge types and types of plants rich in iron was done using data search portal NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information, USA) in the last five years starting from 2016/03/30 to 2021/03/28. Samples were formulated based on the comparison of seawater, sponge (Spongia sp), and moringa leaves in a composition as follows: Sample A (1:1:0.05),  sample B (1:1:0.25), sample C (1:1:0.5) and control that did not use the addition of Moringa leaves (1:1). The analysis included testing antioxidant activity using DPPH, moisture content, NaCl, impurities sulfate, magnesium, calcium, and iron levels which were all done in three repetitions of each sample or triplicates and using analytical methods from the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC).Sponge sp is a type of sea sponge that is easy to find in the Indonesian country and can be combined with moringa leaves whose availability is also abundant in Indonesia, as a potential salt high in iron. This study obtained salt granules as much as 0.92 ± 0.22 kg. There was no difference in the results of salt granules from each sample, and there was no difference in the level of fineness of salt granules, namely 20-35 mesh or equivalent to crude salt. However, there were differences in the level of chemical it contains. Samples B, C, and control correspond to SNI 3556:2016 based on percentage of  moisture content, Fe, calcium impurities, sulfate impurities, and magnesium impurities in all three samples. However, it is known that sample C is the one that has the highest iron levels compared to B and control samples, which means that sample C is the best sample and has antioxidant activity that is in line with the purpose of this study, which is an effort to alleviate iron deficiency anemia. This salt is also a salt that is Halal Tayyiban, which means not only halal but also good and healthy if consumed.


2021 ◽  
pp. 239-249
Author(s):  
Volodymyr MIKHAILOV ◽  
Valentyna YEFIMOVA

Nassim Nicholas Taleb is an American statistician, mathematician, trader, and essayist of Lebanese descent who, for the most part, adheres to philosophical scepticism. In his works, he primarily considers the problems of chance and probability. Taleb is the author of a number of bestsellers, his book «Black Swan», was included in the review of «The Sunday Times» in the list of the most influential books written after World War II. N. Taleb in his publications adheres to methodological and practical approaches within the modern paradigm of interdisciplinarity, combining, synthesizing scientific vision and tools from different fields of knowledge, primarily in the field of statistical analysis and interpretation of large arrays of statistics. The purpose of this article is to try to highlight some key ideas in the field of statistical methodology and practice, which personally developed or reinterpreted this famous researcher, as well as consideration of individual socio-philosophical views that underlie his diverse scientific and scientific activities. The article considers and analyzes the methodological basis of the concept of rare statistically probable events («black swan»), classification of systems with the separation of «antifragile» subsystems, statistical issues on the use of big data, questions about the possibilities and limitations of forecasting based on time series, some sociological and historiosophical approaches of N. Taleb, as well as theoretical and methodological principles of his concepts in general, which are based on the ideas of philosophical scepticism. Diverse ideas, concepts, approaches, visions, which were expressed by N. Taleb regarding statistics and other sciences in the pages of his books, scientific articles, essays, numerous interviews, etc., in our opinion, need a more in-depth, multifaceted study. Such explorations can be useful and productive for theoretical science and practical application in modern Ukraine, including in the field of statistics.


Author(s):  
Sarah Ibrahim Al- Faris Sarah Ibrahim Al- Faris

  This research aims at showing the fruit of the fundamentals of jurisprudence science. Principles of Jurisprudence science gains status through linking it to its fruit which is training on deriving jurisprudential rulings and choosing the best ruling, branching out issues and building them on evidence, as well as gaining knowledge of the imams' opinions on topics about which there is no text and on the rulings of emergent calamities as well. If it were only a theoretical science with no application, then it would be useless; a scourge for its owner. The fundamentals of jurisprudence science must be linked to its fruit for its benefit to be complete. The science of Takhrīj ‘extraction’ and branching has a close relationship with the science of usul al- fiqh, as it brings it out from the theoretical to the practical, pragmatic side. Thus, it is of great benefit and great importance for the one studying this field of science. The research also explains the approach of imam Abu al- Khattab; an important Hanbali imam by highlighting his rules and linking them with jurisprudential branches, and identifying the extent of the contravention and approval, especially in the section on Exceptional Uṣūl "principles" depending on the inductive analytical approach.


2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 5575
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Markiewicz ◽  
Dawid Sigorski ◽  
Mateusz Markiewicz ◽  
Agnieszka Owczarczyk-Saczonek ◽  
Waldemar Placek

Caspase-14 is a unique member of the caspase family—a family of molecules participating in apoptosis. However, it does not affect this process but regulates another form of programmed cell death—cornification, which is characteristic of the epidermis. Therefore, it plays a crucial role in the formation of the skin barrier. The cell death cycle has been a subject of interest for researchers for decades, so a lot of research has been done to expand the understanding of caspase-14, its role in cell homeostasis and processes affecting its expression and activation. Conversely, it is also an interesting target for clinical researchers searching for its role in the physiology of healthy individuals and its pathophysiology in particular diseases. A summary was done in 2008 by Denecker et al., concentrating mostly on the biotechnological aspects of the molecule and its physiological role. However, a lot of new data have been reported, and some more practical and clinical research has been conducted since then. The majority of studies tackled the issue of clinical data presenting the role of caspase in the etiopathology of many diseases such as retinal dysfunctions, multiple malignancies, and skin conditions. This review summarizes the available knowledge on the molecular and, more interestingly, the clinical aspects of caspase-14. It also presents how theoretical science may pave the way for medical research. Methods: The authors analyzed publications available on PubMed until 21 March 2021, using the search term “caspase 14”.


Author(s):  
Igor Aleksandrovich Kuzmin

Theoretical and empirical data indicate that along with the philosophy and sociology of law, it is necessary to acknowledge the value and applicability of toolset of the political science of law. It is substantiated that determination of the scientific status of political science of law as an element of general theoretical science of law or an independent science at the initial stage of “testing” its methodological perspectives is not an end in itself. Based on the analysis of sociopolitical practice, national and foreign conceptual ideas, as well as provisions of the effective legislation of the Russian Federation and specifics of its application, the author concludes on the infiltration of politics into the structure of state-legal reality on a deeper level. For increasing the accuracy of the acquired results, the author employs dialectical approach and main logical methods (analysis, synthesis, deduction, extrapolation, etc.), as well as referred to the basic general theoretical principles of jurisprudence, considering the peculiarities of political science knowledge. The author also expresses his opinion on the need for further research in the area of application of political science of law, as well as the prospects and desirable results of its implementation in legal research.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin Hales

<p></p><p>The conceptual basis of a novel neuromimetic chip is described. Based on an existing computational bioelectrodynamics study and adaptive brain signaling biophysics knowledge from neuroscience, the chip is, in effect, a form of inorganic artificial brain tissue. This ‘physics replication’ approach involves no abstract models of brain tissue physics or function. Instead of the physics of a general-purpose computer or the physics of abstract models of the brain on the chip (analogue or digital), this neuromimetic chip has an inorganic version of natural adaptive brain signaling physics. As a result of using the native brain physics, the chip has functionally relevant endogenous quasistatic electric and magnetic field systems of the form known to be expressed by excitable cell tissue. Fully developed at macroscopic scales it can be expected to produce an EEG/MEG-like electromagnetic signature. This article does an extended analysis to understand an observed generalized lack of the physics-replication approach and its implications for the neuroscience of natural and artificial intelligence. This is achieved through a technical comparison with the neuromimetic chip’s closest relative, the neuromorphic chip (of the class of general-purpose computers). The results indicate that the physics-replication approach is a possible but neglected option. It also reveals that the neuromimetic chip contributes empirical science, in contrast to the theoretical science conducted using general-purpose computers. Because of the chip’s novelty and proximity to foundational issues, the article contributes necessary background information in anticipation of the arrival of the first prototyping results over the coming years.<b></b></p><br><p></p>


2021 ◽  
pp. 23-30
Author(s):  
Rob Kitchin

This chapter examines the nature of data from an etymological, philosophical, and technical point of view. Data is derived from the Latin dare, meaning 'to give'. In general use, however, data refers to those elements that are taken. Technically, what is understood to be data are actually capta (derived from the Latin capere, meaning 'to take'); those units of data that have been selected and harvested from the sum of all potential data. It is no coincidence that the use of the word 'data' emerged during the Renaissance. At this time, there was a flourishing of scientific innovation with respect to philosophy, equipment, and analysis that led to new discoveries and theories across the academy and new inventions in business, and transformed the world. In the 18th and 19th centuries, the use of the term 'data' extended from mathematics and natural philosophy to economics and administration. In the 20th century, data came to mean any information stored and used in the context of computing, and its uses multiplied beyond science and administration. The chapter then looks at four dominant scientific paradigms centred on epistemological approaches: experimental science, theoretical science, computational science, and exploratory science. What this discussion reveals is that not only is data manufactured, but the approach to and process of manufacturing has changed over time.


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