mass killings
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2021 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 123-144
Author(s):  
Dawid Kobiałka

This paper discusses the results of the research carried out in a project entitled An archaeology of the Death Valley. First, the historical context related to mass killings on the outskirts of Chojnice during the Second World War is sketched. Then, the results of the archaeological field research are presented. The last part is about ethnographic research which allowed to document various memories related to mass killings in the Death Valley as well as human and non-human witnesses of these events. The idea behind this paper is to show that archaeology and ethnography are crucial in discovering and documenting sites of mass killings and their heritage.


2021 ◽  
pp. 29-37
Author(s):  
Chaitra Nagammanavar

Colonization created upheavals around the world. The worlds of Native Americans, Australian Aboriginals which were unaware of the other world that existed were shattered and scattered by the colonial rule. The indigenous people were subjected to cruel treatment at the hands of colonizers. In the Americas the mass killings of the natives took place by intentional spreading of the epidemics. Same incidents took place in Australia. The colonial rule always invented novel ways to destroy the native people, culture and their society. For instance, the policy of Doctrine of lapse which was introduced in India destroyed the local rulers and the princely states.  Due to this many princely states in India came under the rule of British. In Australia to eliminate aboriginals the white government came up with the idea of assimilation policy. Assimilation policy was a policy of absorbing aboriginal people onto white society through the process of removing children from their aboriginal families forcefully. The ultimate intent of the policy was the destruction of Aboriginal society. The protagonist of the novel Benang is the victim of this process. He also goes through the diasporic experiences of alienation, isolation and loss of identity. This paper analyses the diaspora as a repercussion of colonization in the novel Benang.


2021 ◽  
pp. 119-148
Author(s):  
Anna Wylegała

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the multidimensional trauma of witnesses to mass ethnic violence. The author analyzes the personal experiences of civilians during World War II in Eastern Galicia (once a multi-ethnic borderland region: before 1939 in Poland, now in Ukraine). What makes Galicia an exceptional case study is the continuity of mass violence of different kinds and against different groups of the population: Soviet repression and mass killings, the Holocaust, ethnic cleansing of Poles committed by Ukrainian nationalists, and conflict between Soviet authorities and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army. Drawing on existing concepts from the field of bystanders’ studies, for example, Michael Rothberg’s implicated subject and Omer Bartov’s communal genocide, the author proposes to understand the trauma of Galician bystanders as a complex and multidimensional experience, psychological as well as collective and communal.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomasz Rawski

The Persistence of National Victimhood: Bosniak Post-War Memory Politics of the Srebrenica Mass KillingsThis article reveals the origins of the radicalisation of memory politics in Bosnia and Herzegovina after the year 2010. It shows that the radicalisation in the public sphere of Bosnia and Herzegovina was eventually possible due to the long-term persistence of the nationalist commemorative strategy, rooted in the dialectic mechanism of consolidating and antagonising relevant reference groups, and responsible for structuring the national memories of the last war according to an exclusivist martyrological model. Based on the example of Bosniak post-war memory politics regarding the Srebrenica mass killings, the study describes a more universal political mechanism, one characteristic also of the post-war Bosnian Serb and Bosnian Croat nationalist factions. Trwałość martyrologii narodowej. Boszniacka powojenna polityka pamięci o masowych morderstwach w SrebrenicyArtykuł odsłania źródła radykalizacji polityki pamięci w Bośni i Hercegowinie po 2010 roku. Pokazuje, że radykalizacja ta była możliwa dzięki długotrwałemu utrzymywaniu się w sferze publicznej Bośni i Hercegowiny nacjonalistycznej strategii komemoratywnej, która była odpowiedzialna za strukturyzację narodowej pamięci o ostatniej wojnie według ekskluzywistycznego modelu martyrologicznego oraz zakorzeniona w dialektycznym mechanizmie konsolidacji i antagonizowania odpowiednich grup odniesienia. Na przykładzie powojennej boszniackiej polityki pamięci dotyczącej masowych morderstw w Srebrenicy opisany został bardziej uniwersalny mechanizm polityczny, charakterystyczny także dla powojennych polityk pamięci prowadzonych przez nacjonalistyczne elity bośniackich Serbów i bośniackich Chorwatów.


2021 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 73-83
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Janus ◽  
Roma Sendyka

Abandoned sites of trauma often become objects of art-based research. The forensic turn offered artists the requisite tools to approach uncommemorated post-violence sites to interact with their human and non-human actors. The usage of artistic methods allows us to inspect nondiscursive archives and retrieve information otherwise unavailable. The new wave of “forensic art” joins the efforts of post-war artists to respond to sites of mass killings. In the post-war era, sites of trauma were presented as (implicated) landscapes, or unhospitable terrains. The tendency to narrow space to the site and to contract the perspective is continued today by visual artists entering difficult memory grounds, looking down, inspecting the ground with a “forensic gaze”. A set of examples of such artistic endeavors, following the research project Uncommemorated Genocide Sites and Their Impact on Collective Memory, Cultural Identity, Ethical Attitudes and Intercultural Relations in Contemporary Poland (2016–2020) is discussed as “bystanders’ art.”


2021 ◽  
pp. 39-72
Author(s):  
Christina H. Lee

This chapter examines the foundation and growth of the devotion to a foot-high wooden icon of the Immaculate Conception who has also been identified as Ma-Cho, the Chinese goddess of the sea and seafarers, since the seventeenth century. It argues that Tagalogs, Spaniards, and Chinese embraced the devotion to Our Lady of Caysasay as a means to protest the indiscriminate massacre of the Chinese of 1639. Tagalog and Spanish grievances over the mass killings of the Christian Chinese in the Taal region were recorded in an investigation conducted by the Manila Church in 1640. The investigation concerned Juan Imbin, a Christian Chinese stonecutter who was believed to have been pulled out of the sea and revived by Our Lady of Caysasay after he had been executed, along with other condemned Chinese, by Spanish forces. Imbin’s miracle investigation is also the only extant source that voices the story of the massacre from the point of view of the Chinese who were targeted by the order of extermination. I argue that it is only by examining the testimonies of witnesses who participated in the investigation of the miracle that we can understand why this particular story was chosen to be remembered by the community at large.


2021 ◽  
pp. 108876792110438
Author(s):  
James Alan Fox ◽  
Jack Levin

Mass murder, especially involving a firearm, has been a subject of increasing interest among criminologists over the past decade. Lacking an existing and reliable data resource for studying these crimes, several organizations have launched their own database initiatives with, unfortunately, little consensus on definition. As a result, there is confusion regarding the nature and trends of such events. In this paper, we rely on the Associated Press/USA Today/Northeastern University Mass Killing Database, which provides the widest coverage of incidents in the U.S. with four or more victim fatalities, regardless of location, situation, or weapon. First, we present trends in incidents and victimization of mass killings from 2006 through 2020, followed by an examination of various incident, offender, and victim characteristics, distinguishing among the major subtypes. Next, we detail a motivational typology of mass murder and identify the common contributing factors. Finally, we consider the potential effects of certain policy responses related to media coverage, mental health services, and gun restrictions on the prevalence of mass killing.


Author(s):  
А.А. Плеханов ◽  
В.К. Герасимов

В статье исследуются репрезентации продолжающегося военного конфликта на востоке Украины, представленные в литературных произведениях за авторством ветеранов украинских парамилитарных формирований. Поднимается проблема трансляции радикальных националистических взглядов через литературу, построенную на травматическом военном опыте ветеранов АТО/ООС. В частности, изучается воображаемый образ украинской (этно)нации и государственности. Исходя из теоретических установок Б. Розенвейн, авторы предлагают рассматривать представителей представляемой ими группы как специфическое «эмоциональное сообщество», а создаваемую ими литературу как пространство воспроизводства не только современной версии «казацкого мифа», но и праворадикального нарратива «национализирующего национализма». Будущее русскоязычных жителей Донбасса в исследуемом корпусе литературы представляется в диапазоне от тотальной украинизации и этноязыковой дискриминации до физического уничтожения или выселения за пределы Украины. Эта позиция, с одной стороны, проистекает из опыта коммуникации с населением в зоне конфликта, с другой – оказывается обусловлена уже существовавшем представлением о Донбассе как о «больном» регионе страны, населённом внутриукраинскими «Другими». Таким образом, в данном парамилитарном дискурсе территория Донбасса и его население оказываются ставкой в игре с нулевой суммой. The article examines the representations of the ongoing military conflict in the east of Ukraine in literary works created by the veterans of Ukrainian paramilitary formations. The problem of radical nationalist views’ representation through literature based on the traumatic military experience of the ATO/JFO veterans is in the spotlight. The volunteer battalions members' perceptions of themselves and Donbass, its inhabitants, and its future are analyzed. Based on the theoretical framework of B. Rosenwein, authors propose to view representatives of this group as a specific "emotional community" while the literature written by them should be seen as a space for reproducing not only the modern version of the "Cossack myth" but also the far-right narrative of "nationalizing nationalism”. In the studied corpus, Donbass Russian-speaking inhabitants’ future is presented in the range from total Ukrainization and ethnolinguistic discrimination to mass killings or deportations outside of the state borders. On the one hand, this position stems from the combatants' experience of communication with the population in the conflict zone and, on the other hand, is conditioned by the already existing perception of Donbas as a "sick" region of Ukraine, populated by intra-Ukrainian "Others". Thus in Ukrainian paramilitary discourse, Donbass territory and population are viewed as a bet in a zero-sum game.


Author(s):  
Dr. Sudharani C.

Abstract: Tribals hold all rituals and functions as a community and those include putting up a mandap. Teksingh Tekam, a scholar of Gondi language and culture, says, “Early in the morning, six or seven men leave for the forest in four bullock carts. The literature departments of some universities have included tribal literature in their curricula for purposes of study and research, but that too has been largely perfunctory – and this when Bodo and Santhali languages have been given the status of Scheduled Languages. Residential schools for tribal students have come up right from villages in the interior to cities but little has changed on the ground for the Tribals. Starvation, exploitation, displacement and mass killings continue. To understand Tribal Literature, we will first have to classify it on the basis of ethnic and linguistic diversities and geographical extent. Tribal Literature can be broadly defined as the literature of the ancestors, which, despite being in different languages and dialects, has an all-India character. Tribal Literature is thus multilingual and multicultural. Culture and traditions are often the products of the place of residence. India, with its wide geographical diversity, has given birth to many different cultures. The geographical and climatic conditions of Gondwana (the area of central India where Gond Tribes are found), Bhilanchal and northeastern states are so different that a difference in lifestyle and food is inevitable. Keywords: Bodo and Santhali, Gond, tribality, literature, Issues, Challenges


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