World War I and Gendering of the Army in Colonial Punjab

This paper seeks to investigate the impulses that encouraged a ‘gendering’ process and its crystallization in colonial Punjab in relation to the masculine culture propagated by the institution of a military-martial structure by the British Raj. The imperial/colonial gender perceptions led to the creation of gendered spaces in a manner conforming to the masculine ideology of the army. This is highlighted through different aspects of the lives of both men and women – their struggles, works, contributions, dreams and politics – before, during and after the First World War (1914-18). As a result, there emerged amongst the soldiers’ new high-class martial castes, middle-class patriarchal structures, and ideological pillars keen on constructing and upholding ‘ideal masculinity’ and ‘safe femininity’. The paper argues that the process of ‘gendering’ took place at two levels. On the one hand, the army structure of the colonial state paved the way for military-martial culture to exist on extreme masculine lines and, on the other hand, this ‘high’ masculine ideology percolated in the society and presented itself in contrast to the women of the region by further relegating them to the feminine spaces. Thus, the society in colonial Punjab presented a layered martial structure, which, in turn, dichotomized the gender binary. The paper attempts to reveal such ‘gender’ realities and experiences witnessed by the region of Punjab. In this context, the operation of imperial power and the resistance of the colonized to it; the space that was denied to the disadvantaged gender – women – and; the changes they imbibed along with the history of the mutual roles of women and soldiers become crucial to understand the ‘gendering’ process.

Gender equality mainstreaming and the Australian academy: paradoxical effects?

Australian Universities consistently rank highly on lists that celebrate the most gender equal higher education institutions in the world. Despite participation in institutional frameworks for gender equity accreditation, what often lies beneath the outward display of gender equality is a lived experience of inequality. Whilst there is relative gender equality amongst academics employed at universities overall, men continue to dominate appointments at the professorial or senior executive levels. At the same time, gender asymmetries make women’s access to the opportunities and resources that are highly valued by the sector difficult. Women who experience intersections with care, mothering, race, sexual identity, class, and ability face additional obstacles. In this paper, three women in Australian academia attempt to disrupt the dominant masculine ideology and value system by sharing our lived experience of gender (in)equality in the academy.

A SOCIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT ON WOMEN, HONOR AND DIVORCE

In this study, in which the effect and consequences of gender roles and patriarchy on women's marriage and divorce experiences were tried to be understood, face-to-face interviews were conducted with twelve divorced women and a semi-structured interview from specially created for the study was used in the interviews. In line with masculine ideology and gender roles; It is possible to say that it is perceived and evaluated within the framework of private space, motherhood, body and honor. Accordingly, it is seen that women’s life is tried to be organized and disciplined on the basis of these ideological foundations in all processes before marriage, after marriage and after divorce. It is inevitable that women, who are not given equal opportunities and opportunities in access to education and working life as much as men, face much more severe situations in marriage and divorce processes. Depending on gender, it is understood that divorce creates different problems and grievances for women than man. In this study, the problems experienced by the divorced women before, during and after the divorce were evaluated only through the data of the interviews with the women included in the interview group and tried to be interpreted from a sociological point of view.

The influence of motherhood in the construction of female identity: A subversive approach to motherhood in Erendiz Atasü’s novels

Within masculine ideology the concept of motherhood remains essential to female identity. That is why it is important to focus on the representations of motherhood in literature, where the most controversial discussions of feminism can be found. The issue of motherhood remains an unresolved issue today, with opposing arguments even within the feminist movement. This paper aims to analyse the issue of motherhood in the novels of Erendiz Atasü, who has acquired an undisputed place as a feminist writer in Turkish literature. She undermines the traditional concept of motherhood and uses it as a tool for deciphering and transforming masculine ideology.

‘She will wear the britsch’: Masculinity and the iconography of Prince Albert

This article examines the early representations of Prince Albert that either satirize or attempt to reconcile the hierarchical ambiguities and issue of threatened masculinity that resulted from unconventional male consortship and female rule. It concludes that the latter was achieved through the development of a suitable and legible iconography for a nineteenth-century male consort in adherence with British iconographic tradition and values. Drawing from methods in nineteenth-century art history as well as gender and performance studies and anthropology, it argues that images of the male body play a fundamental role in the construction and perpetuation of masculine ideology and subjectivity through the creation of the semblance of an innate and axiomatic masculine archetype. In doing so, this article problematizes and historicizes masculinity by illuminating the plurality of expressions of masculinity and rejecting the essentialist narrative of masculinity as something measurable or quantifiable, as well as ahistorical, atemporal, apolitical and heteronormative.

Crisis of masculinity and health of male servicemen

The article looks at the problems of preserving social health and individuality in the context of realizing gender stereotypes. The author suggests the results of social research, which was conducted at the laboratory of applied social research of the department of social science and political science of NTU "KhPI" in 2020. Relevance is stipulated by the need to protect human resources in all forms, so that the shosty riches protect sovereignty and territoriality of Ukraine. The personnel of military formations in Ukraine is composed mainly of men, so it is extremely important to support and preserve the health of men. The problem lies in the fact that social media ideology is often panicky, often sponing people to take away the strategy of special behaviors is not a problem for social health. At the middle of the twentieth century, science at large turned out to be a huge respect for the nutrition of healthy’s health and social problems of complicity. In fact, even more than one studio in the United States has earned respect for up to date realization of masculine and ideological ideas for individual health. Віччнінії науковіці долуджудували вкмі Aspects of the flood of masculine ideology, ale better understanding of the context of the social protection of the form of Ukraine in Ukraine on the cob of the 21st table was not carried out. The author has added to the behavior of those stereotypes such as “do not cry”, “say that you are strong but strong”, “say that you’re the mother of the year of birth” to bring back the negative effects. The results of the previous show showed that ideological masculine formук stereotypes, which can be negatively attributed to a healthy person. Namaganiya cholіkіv, so as not to have more than one resource, follow stereotypes of masculine and ideological ideas to negative insights. That, to the author’s thought, is necessary to formulate more critical criticism to sound stereotypes about the “reference person”.

Masculine ideology and Black men who have sex with men’s interest in HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP)

We examined how traditional masculinity and stigma surrounding HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) affect PrEP interest among Black men who have sex with men (BMSM). One hundred twenty-three men attending a Black Gay Pride event completed measures assessing traditional masculinity, PrEP stigma, and PrEP interest along with two behavioral measures of interest in PrEP. Results demonstrated that avoidance of femininity directly related to interest in PrEP and indirectly through conformity to heterosexual self-presentation. Further, PrEP stigma differentially moderated both of these relationships. Interventions designed to improve engagement of PrEP for BMSM should be attentive to traditional masculinity as a barrier.

The Endorsement of Traditional Masculine Ideology by South African Navy Men: A Research Report

Although the study of masculinity/ies in South Africa has been a point of academic interest, especially since the fall of apartheid; there has been little focus on masculinity/ies peculiar to the South African military establishment. Where there has been, this has focused on the army environment and adopted a smaller-scale qualitative approach. In contrast, this study focuses on the South African Navy. The study provides a brief report of findings from the administration of a traditional masculine ideology scale with 1,185 South African navy men, between 19 and 59 years of age (mean of 25 years). Descriptive statistics, a multiple regression analysis, one-sample t-test, and one-way analysis of variance were run to analyze the data. Results demonstrated that this sample of navy men significantly endorsed constructs of self-sufficiency, physical toughness, and emotional restrictedness, as dimensions of traditional masculine ideology. Avoidance of femininity and risk-taking were not significantly endorsed.

Gender role conflict model of pastors’ husbands at batak karo protestant church

This research aims to propose a gender role conflict model of GBKP (Protestant Batak Karo Church, Indonesia) pastors’ husbands with masculine ideology, marital adjustment, and self-esteem as mediators, using SEM-PLS (Structural Equation Model-Partial Least Squares). In order to measure gender-role conflict, the four-point gender-role conflict scale developed was used. The Male Role Norms Scale (MRNS) was used to measure masculine ideology, the Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS) was used to measure marital adjustment and The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSE) was used to measure self-esteem. The subjects of this research were 79 pastors’ husbands at Batak Karo Protestant Church. From the five proposed hypotheses, two were accepted and three were rejected. The two accepted hypotheses were the effect of masculine ideology towards gender-role conflict and the effect of marital adjustment towards gender-role conflict. Meanwhile, the hypotheses of the effects of both masculine ideology and marital adjustment towards self-esteem, as well as the effect of self-esteem towards gender-role conflict were rejected.