collision risk
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2022 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 112
Author(s):  
Konrad Wolsing ◽  
Linus Roepert ◽  
Jan Bauer ◽  
Klaus Wehrle

The automatic identification system (AIS) was introduced in the maritime domain to increase the safety of sea traffic. AIS messages are transmitted as broadcasts to nearby ships and contain, among others, information about the identification, position, speed, and course of the sending vessels. AIS can thus serve as a tool to avoid collisions and increase onboard situational awareness. In recent years, AIS has been utilized in more and more applications since it enables worldwide surveillance of virtually any larger vessel and has the potential to greatly support vessel traffic services and collision risk assessment. Anomalies in AIS tracks can indicate events that are relevant in terms of safety and also security. With a plethora of accessible AIS data nowadays, there is a growing need for the automatic detection of anomalous AIS data. In this paper, we survey 44 research articles on anomaly detection of maritime AIS tracks. We identify the tackled AIS anomaly types, assess their potential use cases, and closely examine the landscape of recent AIS anomaly research as well as their limitations.


Sensors ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 636
Author(s):  
Lingli Yu ◽  
Shuxin Huo ◽  
Keyi Li ◽  
Yadong Wei

An intelligent land vehicle utilizes onboard sensors to acquire observed states at a disorderly intersection. However, partial observation of the environment occurs due to sensor noise. This causes decision failure easily. A collision relationship-based driving behavior decision-making method via deep recurrent Q network (CR-DRQN) is proposed for intelligent land vehicles. First, the collision relationship between the intelligent land vehicle and surrounding vehicles is designed as the input. The collision relationship is extracted from the observed states with the sensor noise. This avoids a CR-DRQN dimension explosion and speeds up the network training. Then, DRQN is utilized to attenuate the impact of the input noise and achieve driving behavior decision-making. Finally, some comparative experiments are conducted to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. CR-DRQN maintains a high decision success rate at a disorderly intersection with partially observable states. In addition, the proposed method is outstanding in the aspects of safety, the ability of collision risk prediction, and comfort.


2022 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 94
Author(s):  
Kate E. Buenau ◽  
Lysel Garavelli ◽  
Lenaïg G. Hemery ◽  
Gabriel García Medina

Understanding the environmental effects of marine energy (ME) devices is fundamental for their sustainable development and efficient regulation. However, measuring effects is difficult given the limited number of operational devices currently deployed. Numerical modeling is a powerful tool for estimating environmental effects and quantifying risks. It is most effective when informed by empirical data and coordinated with the development and implementation of monitoring protocols. We reviewed modeling techniques and information needs for six environmental stressor–receptor interactions related to ME: changes in oceanographic systems, underwater noise, electromagnetic fields (EMFs), changes in habitat, collision risk, and displacement of marine animals. This review considers the effects of tidal, wave, and ocean current energy converters. We summarized the availability and maturity of models for each stressor–receptor interaction and provide examples involving ME devices when available and analogous examples otherwise. Models for oceanographic systems and underwater noise were widely available and sometimes applied to ME, but need validation in real-world settings. Many methods are available for modeling habitat change and displacement of marine animals, but few examples related to ME exist. Models of collision risk and species response to EMFs are still in stages of theory development and need more observational data, particularly about species behavior near devices, to be effective. We conclude by synthesizing model status, commonalities between models, and overlapping monitoring needs that can be exploited to develop a coordinated and efficient set of protocols for predicting and monitoring the environmental effects of ME.


Author(s):  
Shunchao Wang ◽  
Zhibin Li ◽  
Bingtong Wang ◽  
Jingfeng Ma ◽  
Jingcai Yu

This study proposes a novel collision avoidance and motion planning framework for connected and automated vehicles based on an improved velocity obstacle (VO) method. The controller framework consists of two parts, that is, collision avoidance method and motion planning algorithm. The VO algorithm is introduced to deduce the velocity conditions of a vehicle collision. A collision risk potential field (CRPF) is constructed to modify the collision area calculated by the VO algorithm. A vehicle dynamic model is presented to predict vehicle moving states and trajectories. A model predictive control (MPC)-based motion tracking controller is employed to plan collision-avoidance path according to the collision-free principles deduced by the modified VO method. Five simulation scenarios are designed and conducted to demonstrate the control maneuver of the proposed controller framework. The results show that the constructed CRPF can accurately represent the collision risk distribution of the vehicles with different attributes and motion states. The proposed framework can effectively handle the maneuver of obstacle avoidance, lane change, and emergency response. The controller framework also presents good performance to avoid crashes under different levels of collision risk strength.


2022 ◽  
Vol 2022 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Yanting Sheng ◽  
Rui Feng ◽  
Salvatore Antonio Biancardo

Traffic safety plays a crucial role in the development of autonomous vehicles which attracts significant attention in the community. It is a challenge task to ensure autonomous vehicle safety under varied traffic environment interference, especially for airport-like closed-loop conditions. To that aim, we analyze autonomous vehicle safety at typical roadway conditions and traffic state constraints (e.g., car-following state at different speed distributions) by simulating the airport-like traffic conditions. The experimental results suggest that traffic collision risk is in a positive relationship with the speed difference and distance among adjacent vehicles. More specifically, the autonomous vehicle may collide with neighbors when the time to collision (TTC) indicator is lower than 4 s, and vice versa. The research findings can help both research community and practioners obtain additional information for improving traffic safety for autonomous vehicles.


2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Timothé Krauth ◽  
Jérôme Morio ◽  
Xavier Olive ◽  
Benoit Figuet ◽  
Raphael Monstein

Aircraft trajectory generation is a high stakes problem with a wide scope of applications, including collision risk estimation, capacity management and airspace design. Most generation methods focus on optimizing a criterion under constraints to find an optimal path, or on predicting aircraft trajectories. Nevertheless, little in the way of contribution has been made in the field of the artificial generation of random sets of trajectories. This work proposes a new approach to model two-dimensional flows in order to build realistic artificial flight paths. The method has the advantage of being highly intuitive and explainable. Experiments were conducted on go-arounds at Zurich Airport, and the quality of the generated trajectories was evaluated with respect their shape and statistical distribution. The last part of the study explores strategies to extend the work to non-regularly shaped trajectories.


2021 ◽  
Vol 133 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas E. Hamer ◽  
Nathalie Denis ◽  
Tamre P. Cardoso ◽  
Claudia E. Rocca ◽  
Jeffrey G. Luzenski ◽  
...  

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