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2022 ◽  

Olfaction, or sense of smell, is one of the many sensory/perceptual systems that humans use to process external stimuli. Human olfaction is relatively understudied. More literature has focused on olfaction in animals for which olfaction plays a larger role in critical functioning and survival. This bibliography provides key resources for information about human olfaction and then outlines twelve general topics that are of considerable value to understanding this primary sensory system. It begins by providing some general resources that outline the functions of olfaction in humans. Next, it explores the anatomy and physiology of the human olfactory system, recognizing that our understanding has been largely guided by studying animals. It addresses several important theories of human olfaction, including ones that have attempted to understand the initial receptor-level processing of stimuli and ones that have been developed to explain the whole system. After considering some historical issues in studying olfaction, it outlines the various ways that human olfaction is studied. It considers some issues in olfaction that are related to cognitive processes, such as language and memory. A critical topic in the chemical senses of smell and taste that is somewhat less relevant in other sensory systems is that of hedonics (pleasure or liking). This bibliography explores sex differences, which, though small, seem to be more prevalent than in other sensory systems. In addition, this bibliography explores the effect of age on olfaction, both in terms of the development of olfaction in children and the decline of olfaction in aging. The entry ends with clinical implications, primarily of smell loss. In light of the Covid-19 pandemic, which brought newfound appreciation for the importance of sense of smell in human experience, a summary of the effect of Covid-19 on human sense of smell is included. In this bibliography pioneering studies are emphasized, although reviews are included in cases where the literature is too extensive to be summed up by single studies.


Author(s):  
Lotta Dellve ◽  
Robin Jonsson ◽  
Marita Flisbäck ◽  
Mattias Bengtsson

AbstractThe capability approach is relevant to gaining a conceptual understanding of individuals’ abilities and motivation to work and to explore the potential consequences that various working conditions have for people when they reach old age. Here, the capability concept is complemented with system theory to understand the multi-component key resources for capability to work among older workers, and also the conversion factors – capability through work – at individual, micro, meso, macro and chrono-levels. The theoretical approach is exemplified by studies from the interdisciplinary field of work sciences. The chapter describes central working-life conditions, conversion factors for crafting capability to work and examples of patterns of interactions between capability to work and capability through work. To support practical applications, we suggest important conversion factors and patterns of interaction between capability to work and capability through working-life resources. In sum, having a reasonable degree of control and influence (freedom of choice) at work and opportunities to make individual deals and adjustments that match one’s values, abilities, competence and experience are important for individual preference of a long working life. This requires an organisation that focuses on the value of work and promotes a general learning climate through broad participation.


PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. e0261719
Author(s):  
Jessica Mozersky ◽  
Tristan McIntosh ◽  
Heidi A. Walsh ◽  
Meredith V. Parsons ◽  
Melody Goodman ◽  
...  

Qualitative health data are rarely shared in the United States (U.S.). This is unfortunate because gathering qualitative data is labor and time-intensive, and data sharing enables secondary research, training, and transparency. A new U.S. federal policy mandates data sharing by 2023, and is agnostic to data type. We surveyed U.S. qualitative researchers (N = 425) on the barriers and facilitators of sharing qualitative health or sensitive research data. Most researchers (96%) have never shared qualitative data in a repository. Primary concerns were lack of participant permission to share data, data sensitivity, and breaching trust. Researcher willingness to share would increase if participants agreed and if sharing increased the societal impact of their research. Key resources to increase willingness to share were funding, guidance, and de-identification assistance. Public health and biomedical researchers were most willing to share. Qualitative researchers need to prepare for this new reality as sharing qualitative data requires unique considerations.


2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 400-408
Author(s):  
Andrey N. Zharov ◽  
Vadim G. Pliushchikov

Land is one of the key resources in agricultural production. The use of these resources is signifi antly different from the use of labor resources and financing. It is the land features that affect the assessment of their use efficiency. The analysis of literary sources has shown, there are a large number of approaches and methods to assess the effectiveness of land resources. This indicates a great interest of researchers and practitioners in the issue under study. Each of the researchers offers their own unique methodology for assessing the efficiency of land use. However, it is impossible to distinguish a single method due to various reasons. Nevertheless, it should be noted that the proposed methods are complementary. The main goal of this study was to assess the effectiveness of agricultural land use in France. In this regard we used following methods: analysis and synthesis, graphical method, method of comparisons. The analysis was carried out in three stages. The dynamics and structure of agricultural lands of the country, the harvested areas of the main groups of agricultural crops were analyzed, both cost and natural indicators were calculated. As a result, we can say that the studied indicators should be used in the express assessment of efficiency, they can also be used in the comparative assessment of the efficiency of agricultural land use. For a deeper assessment, in our opinion, it is necessary to use other methods of analysis.


2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-91
Author(s):  
Doni Sahat Tua Manalu ◽  
Indah Maulina Utami

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk merumuskan dan menyusun ide perencanaan bisnis yaitu strategi pemasaran buah naga dengan pendekatan Business Model Canvas (BMC) di PT Trisna Naga Asih, yang ditinjau berdasarkan 9 elemen Business Model Canvas. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian deksriptif kualitatif dan kuantitatif. Data primer dan data sekunder yang diperlukan, dikumpulkan dengan teknik wawancara dan pencatatan. Hasil penelitian memberikan gambaran tentang kondisi bisnis PT Trisna Naga Asih saat ini dan beberapa rekomendasi yang disarankan dilihat dari perubahan 9 elemen yang terjadi Customer segments berupa perluasan pasar pada konsumen Jawa Barat, dengan menambahkan media website dalam proses kegiatan pemasaran pada Key Acitvites, penggunaan media sosial dan website pada Channels, mempermudah konsumen dalam mengakses informasi dan promosi produk pada Value Proposition, bertambahnya wadah untuk memberi infomasi dan promosi pada Customer Relationships, penambahan tenaga kerja pada Key Resources, penambahan serta peningkatan mitra pada Key Partenrships, peningkatan penjualan komoditas buah naga merah dan buah naga kuning pada Revenue Streams, adanya pembukuan keuangan yang digunakan yaitu analisis laba rugi dan R/C Ratio pada Cost Structure.


2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 142
Author(s):  
Jianan Wang ◽  
Yuzhen Duan ◽  
Guijian Liu

It is difficult for enterprises to adapt to the rapidly developing market demand and increasingly intense competition by relying only on internal resources to carry out innovation activities. We identify three new issues for the Cross-Functional Consortium Families (CFCFs, CF2s) open innovation model based on a cooperating network: participation of large-scale high-tech enterprises (LHEs), impact from open source, and motivation of keeping resource independence. By studying the series cases of Tesla, Inc. (Austin, TX, USA) cooperating with small and medium enterprises (SMEs) through an open source CF2 model, we examined and discussed these three issues and gave new connotations to both open innovation and the CF2 model from perspectives of open source and resources. This paper also provides strategic reference for other LHEs to mitigate the dependency on key resources and generate new key resources accepted by the environment.


PERSPEKTIF ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 169-178
Author(s):  
Agung Prawijaya ◽  
R. Hamdani Harahap ◽  
Erika Revida

The purpose of this study was to see modern market development with the Franchise concept and in collaboration with third parties opens a partnership space in the management of Village Business Stores carried out by BUMDes managers. This study aims to analyze the implementation of the business strategy developed by BUMDes-Mart Berkah Jatimulyo Village, Pegajahan District, Serdang Bedagai Regency, using the business model canvas as a tool to identify existing business models. This research uses descriptive qualitative research methods, data collection techniques by conducting literature studies and research in the field. Data analysis was carried out by collecting data, reducing data, presenting data and drawing conclusions. The results obtained are in the form of a description of the nine elements in the business model consisting of customer segments, value proposition, customer relationships, customer segments, channels, revenue streams, cost structure, key activities, key resources, key partners. This business model will find out the weaknesses and strengths of a business that is being run and to find out what strategies can be implemented in the future. In addition to these aspects, the findings in this study are that there are factors that influence the business model canvas on BUMDes-Mart, namely in terms of market and financial segments.


2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 72-78
Author(s):  
Lukluk Luklukmukhoyaroh

CV Ganteng Revolution merupakan industri rumahan yang bergerak dibidang pengolahan pangan. Salah satu produk yang dipasarkan adalah produk Semoet Ganteng. Semoet ganteng merupakan produk gula semut yang berkualitas dengan kemurnian 99%. Namun pada proses pemasarannya belum optimal. Untuk itu perusahaan perlu melakukan perumusan strategi dalam meningkatkan kesadaran masyarakat akan produk Semoet Ganteng. Business model canvas merupakan gambaran 9 elemen yang dapat menilai, dan mengubah model bisnis dalam bentuk 1 lembar kanvas atau kertas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk merancang strategi baru berdasarkan pendekatan business model canvas. Dari 9 elemen ini yang saling berhubungan yaitu customer segmen, value propositions, channels, customer relationship, revenue stream, key resources, key activities, key partnership, dan cost structure. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan penerapan strategi baru yang perlu ditambahkan pada beberapa elemen yaitu, channels dilakukan dengan pembuatan website dan memanfaatkan media sosial untuk promosi, promosi saat ini hanya dilakukan di akun Instagram @ganteng_organicofficial dengan pengikut sebanyak 1670 orang, kanal Youtube dengan 245 subscriber, pengikut Facebook sebanyak 70 orang, 764 orang yang melihat produk Semoet Ganteng pada akun Tokopedia, Shopee dengan pengikut 11 orang. Pada elemen customer relationship ditambah dengan pemberian voucher kepada pembeli, pembelian voucher ini senilai 50.000 diberlakukan untuk pembelian 10 karton, cost structure perlu ditambahkan biaya untuk membiayai pemasaran seperti biaya endorsement dan periklanan dimedia sosial.  


2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (12) ◽  
pp. 606
Author(s):  
Hsueh-Feng Chang ◽  
Shu-Hua Wu ◽  
Joyce Hsiu-Yu Chen ◽  
Chao-Hui Ke

Businesses in the past few years have paid more and more attention to brand awareness. More and more branded hotels have launched sub-brands so as to access a new market, boost brand exposure and value, and attain new market niches. The purpose of the work was to explore, on the basis of the business model, factors affecting hotel sub-brand development in Taiwan. The modified Delphi method was firstly referred to. Next, a questionnaire was designed to serve as the basis of quantitative analysis. Third, experienced professionals from the hotel business were invited to participate in a questionnaire survey. The affecting factors of hotel sub-brand development were identified, and analysis data were generated. Grey-TOPSIS was employed to evaluate, calculate, and certify weight analysis and ranking of affecting indices of hotel sub-branding. The results explained that there are nine affecting factors for developing a hotel’s sub-branding. They are channel, target customers, customer relationship, key activities, revenue model, key partners, value proposition, key resources, and cost structure. The top four are the most important ones. This finding, figured out by using soft mathematical methods, can provide a proper evaluating way for decision making by the hotel industry, which wants to establish its sub-brands.


Author(s):  
A. Volpato ◽  
J. Moran

The intensification and specialisation of agriculture has contributed to farmland wildlife decline, including farmland birds. Grey partridge is a farmland species which has experienced a significant decline across Europe in recent decades. Chick survival rate is a key determinant of grey partridge population change and depends essentially on the availability of insect food. In this study, ground-dwelling and canopy-dwelling insects were collected using pitfall trapping and sweep netting methodologies, respectively, on different strip types in an area established for the conservation of grey partridge. The aim was to further our understanding of the value of different vegetated strip types in providing insect-rich habitats for grey partridge chicks. Overall, wildflower strip (WS) provided the greatest insect abundance. Significantly more ground-dwelling insects were found on WS, natural regeneration (NS) and leguminous strips (LS) than on grass strip (GS). Canopy-dwelling insects were also significantly more abundant on WS compared to all other strip types. This study highlights that WSs may represent important habitats in providing insect-rich food for grey partridge chicks and sowing these strips may therefore play a key role in decreasing chick mortality and supporting grey partridge conservation. It also demonstrates that other different vegetated strip types may still provide strip-specific insect taxa, in addition to other valuable resources. This study recommends a complex mosaic of different strip types to provide key resources for grey partridge, such as insect and plant food, nesting habitats and overwinter cover.


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