CONVERSION” OF A CUSTOMS OFFICER’S SERVICE RELATIONSHIP INTO AN EMPLOYMENT RELATIONSHIP

The selection method of existing employees or officers has been used since the beginning of the Third Polish Republic during the transformation of various public institutions, which consists of making discretionary decisions about whose employment will be continued, as well as under what new conditions it will be carried out. Using the framework for termination of employment for this purpose in subsequent acts, missing in them precise criteria for qualifying persons and the lack of regulations as to the manner of judicial protection are designed to reduce the number of people who would make attempts to contest their decisions. In 2016 on the occasion of the reform of the fiscal apparatus, this method was additionally extended to include the possibility of unilateral and selectively transforming the service relationships of customs officers into employment relationships, or vice versa - fiscal officials to officers. This option was implemented in practice in 2017. This represents a serious threat to the freedom to choose and pursue a profession which must either be restrained by declaring this type of regulation unconstitutional, or by making it unprofitable through court judgments restoring prior employment relationships. The recent case law of common courts and the Supreme Court favours it.

SHAPING THE SYSTEM OF JUDICIAL CONTROL OF DISCIPLINARY DECISIONS IN SERVICE RELATIONSHIPS

Initially, disciplinary liability was not subject to judicial control. The shaping of the judicial control of disciplinary decisions was a long-standing process which was finally established with the entry into force of the constitutional principle right of access to court. A systemic analysis of the provisions in question indicates that the system and functioning of this institution are not based on clear and rational assumptions that meet the postulated criteria of a satisfactory (decent) regulation. Existing provisions often regulate institutional, material and procedural aspects of this control in a different way. This approach to the control system puts the litigant parties (especially the accused) in unjustifiably different procedural situations resulting from different rules of procedure in force in common courts of law and administrative courts.

The role of reciprocity and reputation in service relationships with arts organisations

Purpose In an arts organisation context, this paper aims to further the understanding of service relationships by developing a framework explaining how sponsored arts organisations could better manage their relationships with sponsors to facilitate mutual benefit and relationship persistence. Design/methodology/approach Grounded theory methodology was applied to sponsorship of arts organisations through interviews with the managers of arts organisations worldwide who had been involved in seeking and managing sponsorship relationships. Findings Reciprocity was found to be the key factor in successful sponsorship relationships, but emotional reference to reputation was also important. Together they link uncertainty in the complex sponsorship environment with an arts organisation’s artistic ambitions. Practical implications This study extends the understanding of service relationships by shedding light on the sponsorship relationship from the sponsored organisation’s point of view and in particular highlighting the role of reciprocity in managing the relationship with their sponsor. Originality/value Understanding the moderating roles of reciprocity and reputation in sponsorship relationships helps to explain key facets of such relationships which can partially negate sponsor benefits and threaten a sponsorship’s continuation.

Diverse Response Diversity in Pollinators: Implications to the Resilience of Pollination Services in Buckwheat

Response diversity to environmental change among species is important for the maintenance of ecosystem services, but response diversity to changes in multiple environmental parameters is largely unexplored. Here, we examined how insect visitations to buckwheat flowers differ among species groups in response to changes in multiple weather variables and landscape structures.We found differences in responses to changes in weather conditions among insect taxonomic groups visiting buckwheat flowers. Specifically, beetles, butterflies, and wasps were more active in sunny and/or high-temperature conditions, whereas ants and flies showed the opposite pattern. Furthermore, responses to weather conditions differed between large and small insects, which agreed with the expectation that optimal temperature for insect activity has a positive association with body size. Response diversity per se was also diverse. For instance, large insects were responsive to temperatures more than small insects while smaller insects were responsive to sunshine duration more than large insects. Responses to spatial variables also differed; large insects were more abundant in fields with surrounding forests and mosaic habitats, whereas small insects were not. We suggest that the “diversity” in “response diversity,” which is a higher-order response diversity, should be a focus of future studies of the biodiversity–ecosystem service relationships.

“Many are the plans”: An analysis of goals described by youth ministry leaders

This article examines the content and appraisals of youth ministry leader goals. Responses to an open-ended survey question by 378 leaders primarily working in the United States who held significant responsibility for the discipleship of high school-aged young people in their ministries were coded, resulting in 29 categories of goals. Participants named goals associated with service, relationships in general, relationships with God, biblical/gospel knowledge, and discipleship most frequently. Leaders rated each goal according to factors that contribute to goal achievement and well-being. Appraisals of goal difficulty (“this goal involves challenge”), clarity (“this goal is well-defined”), satisfaction with progress (“this goal is moving forward satisfactorily”), and support (“other leaders and congregants encourage the pursuit of this goal”) varied significantly across goals. Of note, participants rated discipleship and partnerships with parents/families as progressing the least satisfactorily and as some of the most difficult goals. By contrast, participants rated service goals as some of the least difficult and most clear. The content and appraisals of these goals bear implications for both the psychological study of goals and strivings and for ministry practice.

Woman in the security and defense sector: harmony of professional and personal life

The author has outlined the main violations of women's rights in Ukraine, including in the security and defense sector. The author emphasizes that the process of introducing gender equality in the security sector of Ukraine has certain specifics. The author has identified the impact of armed conflicts on men and women and the main problematic issues that arise in the work of women law enforcement officers and affect her "self-concept". The main problems that occur in the professional environment of law enforcement include the following: service relationships in the "vertical" and "horizontal", competition between women and men, identity crisis. The main international documents that enshrine the equal rights of women and men, and areas for strengthening the role of women in the structure of the Ministry of Internal Affairs are analyzed. The main problems that cause gender imbalance in military service include: the presence of gender and corporate stereotypes, insufficient regulation of administrative and living conditions, restrictions on women's social rights in compliance with current legislation on motherhood and childhood, the prohibitionof certain military professions for women , the lack of equal rights when entering military service at the stage of choosing education, the limited list of military positions to which women servicemen may be appointed, the difference in the status positions of servicemen-men and women during the change of service military service, different order of execution of punishments assigned to female servicemen and male servicemen. In order to achieve the principle of work-life balance, the author has recommended to consider five important aspects of life: health, relationships, career, self-improvement, leisure.