A Finite-Time Speed and Direction Control for Four-Wheel Drive System

With the rapid use of the Four-Wheel Drive System (FWDS) worldwide, the necessity of having an adequate control system to control speed and direction in FWDS is extremely required. For this purpose, several control schemes are available in the literature to control the speed and direction in FWDS which should be fast convergence of the control, continuous control performance, and solving external disturbances. In latest years, finite-time controllers (FTC) have gained more consideration from many researchers in the control area, who have expressed applications in several procedures and systems. This research provides a major review of the FTC approaches via both input and output feedbacks for controlling FWDS.

Influence Mechanism of Electromechanical Parameters on Transient Dynamics of FWD-EVs: Part I: Co-Modeling of IWM and Vehicle System

In-wheel motor (IWM), as an ideal power source of independent four-wheel drive electric vehicles, has been paid more and more attention due to its high-power density, low starting current, wide speed adjustment range, simple control system and robustness. However, the electromechanical issue is enlarged in both longitudinal and vertical because of in-wheel driven scheme. In this paper, the electromagnetic multi-field characteristic of IWM is investigated based on Fourier series method. The negative vibration coupling on vehicle dynamics is discussed by proposing a conjoint electromechanical FWD-EV model. Results shows that the motor incentive coupled with the vehicle system in multi-degree of freedom, caused the body and wheel resonance in the low speed, meanwhile deteriorated the anti-rollover capability of the IWM-EV in the high speed.

MOTION GRAPHIC RELATED TO WARNING ALERT ADVICE ON GATELESS RAILROAD CROSSING

ABSTRACT The motion graphic video design is aimed at drivers of two-wheel-drive and four-wheel-drive vehicles whose age is ranging from 17-40 years, with the length of a two-minute 15-second video that was released online. In the test results on 20 people with a targeted age range, about 94.4% of respondents responded favorably and 6.6% of respondents responded poorly. Therefore, it can be concluded that most of the respondents responded with a positive response to the motion graphic video related to warning alert advice on the gateless railroad crossing. Keyword: Accident, Gateless Railroad Crossing, Public Service Advertisements, Motion Graphic, Advice.

Study on the Control of Torque Distribution of 4WD Corn Harvester Operation Drive

In response to the poor adaptability of existing harvesters to complex operating conditions in the field, this study took a three-row four-wheel-drive (4WD) corn harvester as the research object, designed a traveling transmission system layout, proposed a control strategy of driving torque distribution, simulated, and analyzed each of the four states of harvester drive wheels slippage. The results showed that under the driving wheels slipping condition, after applying torque control, the adjustment time was 43.3% shorter than that without control in the case of single wheel slipping, 11.1% shorter than that without control in the case of two wheels slipping on the same axle, 41.4% shorter than that without control in the case of two wheels slipping on different axles, and 36.6% shorter than that without control in the case of three driving wheels slipping. The application of drive torque distribution control could significantly improve the traction and passing ability of the corn harvesters during operation, as well as made the harvester travel more smoothly, thus improving the harvest quality. The drive torque distribution control can be applied not only to the three-row corn harvester, but also to other types of harvesters, and self-propelled agricultural machinery to enhance their adaptability, improving their operation quality. It has a significant reference value for the development of the driving system on walking agricultural machinery.

Loss of the GARP but not EARP protein complex drives Golgi sterol overload during dendrite remodeling

Membrane trafficking is essential for sculpting neuronal morphology. The GARP and EARP complexes are conserved tethers that regulate vesicle trafficking in the secretory and endolysosomal pathways, respectively. Both complexes contain the Vps51, Vps52, and Vps53 proteins, and a complex-specific protein: Vps54 in GARP and Vps50 in EARP. In Drosophila, we find that both complexes are required for dendrite morphogenesis during developmental remodeling of multidendritic class IV da (c4da) neurons. Having found that sterol accumulates at the trans-Golgi network (TGN) in Vps54KO/KO neurons, we investigated genes that regulate sterols and related lipids at the TGN. Overexpression of oxysterol binding protein (Osbp) or knockdown of the PI4K four wheel drive (fwd) exacerbates the Vps54KO/KO phenotype, whereas eliminating one allele of Osbp rescues it, suggesting that excess sterol accumulation at the TGN is, in part, responsible for inhibiting dendrite regrowth. These findings distinguish the GARP and EARP complexes in neurodevelopment and implicate vesicle trafficking and lipid transfer pathways in dendrite morphogenesis.

Seed Sowing Robot

Agriculture is the most important field for human beings. It is the backbone of our country's economic system. Equipment that needs less human effort and time with less price of implementation is way needed for fulfilment within the agricultural trade. Project work is focused on the seed sowing process and the design of a four-wheel-drive robot that does the work of seed sowing in plowed agricultural land avoiding the human effort by tracing the path and sowing seeds and tried to solve the problems related to agriculture. Seed sowing robot consists of battery-powered wheels, a DC motor inbuilt in these wheels, an Arduino Uno is useful for controlling the robotic activities. The Robot can detect the obstacle very easily with the help of an ultrasonic sensor. In every complete rotation of the rotating wheel, there’s a seed fall from the seed drum and performs seed sowingoperation. Keywords: Agriculture, Farmer, Seed, Robot

Robust mode transition control of four-wheel-drive hybrid electric vehicles based on radial basis function neural network estimation-a simulation study

Purpose The flexible mode transitions, multiple power sources and system uncertainty lead to challenges for mode transition control of four-wheel-drive hybrid powertrain. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to improve dynamic performance and fuel economy in mode transition process for four-wheel-drive hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), overcoming the influence of system uncertainty. Design/methodology/approach First, operation modes and transitions are analyzed and then dynamic models during mode transition process are established. Second, a robust mode transition controller based on radial basis function neural network (RBFNN) is proposed. RBFNN is designed as an uncertainty estimator to approximate lumped model uncertainty due to modeling error. Based on this estimator, a sliding mode controller (SMC) is proposed in clutch slipping phase to achieve clutch speed synchronization, despite disturbance of engine torque error, engine resistant torque and clutch torque. Finally, simulations are carried out on MATLAB/Cruise co-platform. Findings Compared with routine control and SMC, the proposed robust controller can achieve better performance in clutch slipping time, engine torque error, vehicle jerk and slipping work either in nominal system or perturbed system. Originality/value The mode transition control of four-wheel-drive HEVs is investigated, and a robust controller based on RBFNN estimation is proposed. Compared results show that the proposed controller can improve dynamic performance and fuel economy effectively in spite of the existence of uncertainty.