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2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kate M. Miller ◽  
Prue H. Hart ◽  
Robyn M. Lucas ◽  
Elizabeth A. Davis ◽  
Nicholas H. de Klerk

AbstractPopulation-level ecological studies show type 1 diabetes incidence is inversely correlated with ambient ultraviolet radiation (UVR) levels. We conducted a nested case–control study using administrative datasets to test this association at the individual level. Cases (n = 1819) were children born in Western Australia (WA) from 1980–2014, diagnosed with type 1 diabetes at ≤ 16 years. Controls (n = 27,259) were randomly selected from all live births in WA, matched to cases by sex and date of birth. Total ambient erythemal ultraviolet radiation (UVR) doses for each trimester of pregnancy and first year of life were estimated for each individual, using daily NASA satellite data that were date- and geographically-specific. Conditional logistic regression tested the association between UVR dose and case–control status. Type 1 diabetes risk was 42% lower in boys of mothers with third-trimester UVR dose in the highest (compared to the lowest) quartile (p = 0.04). Higher UVR in the first year of life was associated with lower type 1 diabetes risk among boys (p = 0.01). UVR dose was not associated with type 1 diabetes risk in girls. Higher UVR in late pregnancy and early life appear to interact with sex-specific factors to lower type 1 diabetes risk among boys in Western Australia.


2021 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 40-43
Author(s):  
Lila Rotaru ◽  

Background: Cognitive impairment (CI) is frequent in Parkinson’s disease (PD). CI patients have particular features. These are preliminary data of a cohort study of Moldovan patients with incident Parkinson’s disease. Material and methods: 65 out of 111 consecutive PD patients (mean age 64.87 ± 7.69 y.o.; disease duration 50.21 ± 38.61 mo.; 48 women (43.2%), 63 men (56.8%)) underwent Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) test. Cognitive status graded as: (1) normal and (2) impaired cognition. Results: There were similar: ages (65.79 ± 7.13 vs 62.17 ± 12.21 y.o.), onset ages (61.44 ± 7.61 vs 57.00 ± 12.95 years), disease duration (49.63 ± 36.78 vs 66.00 ± 26.48) months), levodopa (574.58 ± 129 vs 249.55) and agonists doses (5.19 ± 3.02 vs 1.05 ± 0.05) and Beck scores (8.13 ± 6.21 vs 7.4 ± 3.85), in groups. CI was present in 59 (90.8%) patients; more frequent in patients with cardiovascular risk factors (91.7%, p> 0.05), symmetrical Parkinsonism (93.2%, p> 0.05), and in first disease symptom bradykinesia patients (93.8%, p> 0.05). Upper / Lower Asymmetry Index were lower in CI patients, all lower type patients (p> 0.05) having CI. MoCA scores correlated with Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale in ON fase (UPDRSon), (r = -0.320, p <0.022), and red flags number (r = -0.590, p < 0.006). Conclusions: Cognitive impairment is more expectable in akinetic, symmetric and lower type Parkinsonism, also in patients with cardiovascular risk factors, with probable PD, and a more motor impairment.


Author(s):  
Ioannis Pozios ◽  
Hendrik Seeliger ◽  
Johannes C. Lauscher ◽  
Andrea Stroux ◽  
Benjamin Weixler ◽  
...  

Abstract Purpose Prolonged postoperative ileus (PPOI) is common after bowel resections, especially in Crohn’s disease (CD). The pathophysiology of PPOI is not fully understood. PPOI could affect only the upper or lower gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The aim of this study was to assess risk factors for diverse types of PPOI, particularly to differentiate PPOI of upper and lower GI tract. Methods A retrospective analysis of 163 patients with CD undergoing ileocecal resection from 2015 to 2020 in a single center was performed. PPOI of the upper GI tract was predefined as the presence of vomiting or use of nasogastric tube longer than the third postoperative day. Lower PPOI was predefined as the absence of defecation for more than three days. Independent risk factors were identified by multivariable logistic regression analysis. Results Overall incidence of PPOI was 42.7%. PPOI of the upper GI tract was observed in 30.7% and lower PPOI in 20.9% of patients. Independent risk factors for upper PPOI included older age, surgery by a resident surgeon, hand-sewn anastomosis, prolonged opioid analgesia, and reoperation, while for lower PPOI included BMI ≤ 25 kg/m2, preoperative anemia, and absence of ileostomy. Conclusion This study identified different risk factors for upper and lower PPOI after ileocecal resection in patients with CD. A differentiated upper/lower type approach should be considered in future research and clinical practice. High-risk patients for each type of PPOI should be closely monitored, and modifiable risk factors, such as preoperative anemia and opioids, should be avoided if possible.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuka Muto ◽  
Takeyoshi Chibana ◽  
Masafumi Yamada

&lt;p&gt;In order to conduct an appropriate management in each catchment, it is important to understand how the difference in geological conditions affect the relationship between precipitation and flow regimes.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Considering the differences in geological characteristics of catchments, this study aims 1)to clarify the period for calculating the total precipitation that is most influential to several levels of daily flow respectively and 2)to clarify the contribution of the change in the total precipitation of &amp;#8216;the most influential period&amp;#8217; to the change in flow.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In this study, 63 mountainous catchments (dam catchments) within the Japanese Archipelago were selected as target areas. First, the 63 catchments were divided into 4 groups according to their geological characteristics. Second, from the observed data of daily flow lasting 26 years (from 1993 to 2018), 6 types of daily flow which represent flow of different scales within a year (1, 10, 25, 50, 75, 95 percentiles of daily flow within a year) were searched. In each geological classification, correlation coefficients between each 6 type of flow and total precipitation of various periods (from 2 days to 365 days) were calculated. Finally, for each geological classification and each type of flow, single regression analyses were conducted, setting the rate of change in flow amount as the objective variable, and the rate of change in total precipitation amount of the appropriate period as the explanatory variable.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;As a result, in the analysis of correlation coefficients, significant differences among different geological classifications were seen for lower type of flows but not for higher type of flows. For catchments of volcanic rocks in the Quaternary period, total precipitation of 365 days before the flow occurrence had the highest correlation coefficient with lower type of flows. On the other hand, for catchments of sedimentary rocks in the Mesozoic or Paleozoic era, the most influential period was approximately 45 days, which was the shortest.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Also, increasing trends in flow (i.e. the rate of change in flow &gt; 1.0) during the target period were seen regardless of the geological classification or the type of flow. However, from the simple regression analysis, the significant effect of the change in precipitation to the change in flow was only seen for annual maximum flow of catchments of sedimentary rocks from the Mesozoic or Paleozoic era. Except this specific geological characteristic and flow type, there is a possibility that other conditions of the catchments (e.g. change in land use) have larger effect to the change in flow compared to the change in precipitation.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In the analyses mentioned above, the effect of snowfall is not considered. Therefore, in the presentation, the difference between snow covered regions and others are compared in addition.&lt;/p&gt;


2021 ◽  
pp. 361-370
Author(s):  
Jayme Augusto Bertelli ◽  
Neehar Patel ◽  
Francisco Soldado
Keyword(s):  

Games ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wanqun Zhao

I designed an experiment to study the persistence of the prevailing levels of reasoning across games. Instead of directly comparing the k-level(s) of reasoning for each game, I used cognitive load to manipulate the strategic environment by imposing variations on the subject’s cost of reasoning and their first- and second-order beliefs. Subjects have systematic changes in k-level(s) of reasoning across games. That finding suggests that subjects are responsive to changes in the strategic environment. Changes in k-level(s) of reasoning are mostly consistent with the endogenous depth of reasoning model when subjects are more cognitively capable or facing less cognitively capable opponents. Subjects have cognitive bounds, but often choose a lower-type action due to their beliefs about their opponents. Finally, cognitive ability plays a significant role in subjects making strategic adjustments when facing different strategic environments.


2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 331-345
Author(s):  
Wenhao Wang ◽  
Neal Kingston

Previous studies indicated that the assumption of logistic form of parametric item response functions (IRFs) is violated often enough to be worth checking. Using nonparametric item response theory (IRT) estimation methods with the posterior predictive model checking method can obtain significance probabilities of fit statistics in a Bayesian framework by accounting for the uncertainty of the parameter estimation and can indicate the location and magnitude of misfit for an item. The purpose of this study is to check the performance of the Bayesian nonparametric method to assess the IRF fit of parametric IRT models for mixed-format tests and compare it with the existing bootstrapping nonparametric method under various conditions. The simulation study results show that the Bayesian nonparametric method can detect misfit items with higher power and lower type I error rates when the sample size is large and with lower type I error rates compared with the bootstrapping method for the conditions with nonmonotonic items. In the real-data study, several dichotomous and polytomous misfit items were identified and the location and magnitude of misfit were indicated.


PLoS ONE ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (9) ◽  
pp. e0222334
Author(s):  
Rafael Aguiar Marschner ◽  
Patrícia Banda ◽  
Simone Magagnin Wajner ◽  
Melissa Medeiros Markoski ◽  
Maximiliano Schaun ◽  
...  

Fractals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (05) ◽  
pp. 1950082
Author(s):  
JIAOJIAO YANG

In this paper, we discuss the lower type dimensions for some Moran sets. On one hand, for Moran set [Formula: see text] with [Formula: see text], we prove that [Formula: see text], where the supremum is taken over all quasi-Lipschitz mappings [Formula: see text]. On the other hand, we obtain the lower spectrum formula for homogeneous Moran sets. In the proof a lower spectrum formula for a large class of fractal sets is established.


PLoS ONE ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. e0181143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Haupt-Jorgensen ◽  
Erik Nielsen ◽  
Kåre Engkilde ◽  
Mia Lerche ◽  
Jesper Larsen ◽  
...  

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