Enhancing Production Through Well Interventions Using End-to-End Evaluation Methodology

In this paper, an end-to-end evaluation service using well historical production, petrophysics and reservoir data combined with new logs to perform well intervention solution methodology is followed. Across four wells, production logging data is acquired and analysed to understand the current performance of different heterogeneous layers. Combining this with openhole data, additional perforations and reperforations are planned. Perforations are carried out using deep-penetration charges to create a larger and deeper flow path between the reservoir and the wellbore. Post-perforation production logs are carried out, and the data is analysed to understand the effectiveness of newly perforated layers. Detailed production enhancement of all four wells is discussed in the paper. The majority of the wells displayed a significant increase in production when compared with pre-intervention flow rates. Minor scale buildup in the production liner was observed during pre-perforation production log data which was observed to be cleared during post-perforation production log data. The deliverability of the wells had also gone up, with similar production rates at much higher bottomhole pressure compared with pressures before intervention. This also confirmed the effectiveness of deep-penetration charges during perforation in providing better conduit from reservoir to wellbore. Additional perforations carried out, based on the heterogeneity of the reservoir and combining the openhole data, proved to be highly effective, with high deliverability observed from these new layers. In conclusion, a successful production enhancement of these low-flow-rate gas condensate wells was achieved with an end-to-end solution. A highly heterogeneous reservoir with multiple thinly bedded layers presented challenges in understanding their productivity. The combination of pre-perforation production log and post-perforation production log enabled evaluation of the deliverability of the complex heterogeneous reservoir. Further, production enhancement from each reperforated interval was confirmed using a direct measurement, i.e., production log data instead of relying on surface flow rates to better understand the downhole dynamics.

Farm Size, Tenancy, and Productivity: An Overview

The present study intends to investigate the relationship between farm size and productivity. The objectives of the study are: to investigate the relationship between farm size and productivity, to suggest some policy implications. The study is based on secondary data. Data were collected from different published and unpublished documents. The main findings of the study are: the small farms have the higher productivity of land than the larger ones, there exists the inverse farm size productivity relationship, few studies showed that although there exists an inverse relationship between these two this inverse relationship got weakened or even disappeared in the regions adopting new technology, some cases there also exists the positive relationship between farm size and productivity, the output level of owner cultivator is likely to be higher than the share-cropper. Few researchers pointed out the higher productivity of sharecroppers than the owner cultivators. In view of the above findings, the following policy measures are suggested: emphasis should be given to farm-related research, the assistance of small farmers in order to form associations for enhancing production, absorbing credit, and adopting farm technologies.

Potential for application of feed additives encapsulation technology in animal nutrition

Demands for higher production and consumer demand for healthier food have encouraged intensive research for alternative animal growth promoters in recent years. Research trends are focused on the development of new products enriched with feed additives to improve animal health and enhancing production. Many of these compounds are unstable in the presence of light, air, water, or high temperatures and need to be protected during processing, storage, and application. By encapsulatied in microparticles, feed additives are protected from harmful external influences, and their stability and functionality are not diminished. Microencapsulation technology is used to protect payload and improve bioavailability by controlled and targeted delivery to the digestive tract. It is particularly suitable for the addition of feed additives in ruminant’s nutrition, because the correct choice of microparticle material allows the release of the feed additives in the small intestine, and not in the rumen. With proper use, microparticle formulations are an effective tool in animal nutrition that delivers nutrients and/or drugs to a specific site at the desired rate. The paper summarizes laboratory studies on the application of microencapsulation technology in feeding ruminants and monogastric animals. Numerous results of the application of encapsulated feed additives have shown a positive effect on animal health, increased productivity without negative effects on the final product, and environmental protection.