Fuel-Operated Auxiliary Heaters Are a Major Additional Source of Vehicular Particulate Emissions in Cold Regions

Fuel-operated auxiliary heaters (AHs) can be notable sources of particle emissions from vehicles. The emissions of AHs are unregulated, and the number of devices is high; therefore, they make considerable contributions to local air quality, and even the global emissions budget. Experiments for studying the emissions were performed in Finland for a total of eight selected vehicles with Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) AHs installed, including both diesel- and gasoline-operated heaters. We present the numerical results of particle emissions and compare the particle concentrations in the AH exhaust to values found in the tailpipe exhaust of the same vehicle. Our results show that the emissions from auxiliary heaters are typically several orders of magnitude higher than of a car exhaust when idling. This raises the question of whether the use of heaters is justified based on the goal to reduce total emissions from vehicle use; furthermore, whether fuel-operated heaters should also be applied in electric vehicles for cabin heating. More research will be needed to characterize the emissions more thoroughly to understand the air quality and climate effects from AHs, and to provide further recommendations on the use of these heaters.

The nature of the industrial enterprise

This chapter presents basic information about the nature and essence of the enterprise. The first subchapter shows both the well-known and less popular definitions of an enterprise and an industrial enterprise. They have been shown through the prism of various approaches, including definitions from various countries. The second part discusses the features of an industrial enterprise, with particular emphasis on: organizational separateness, economic separateness, legal separateness (legal personality), territorial separateness and technical and production separateness. The next part focuses on the goals and tasks of an industrial enterprise, with particular emphasis on the way they are formulated. Both strategic, tactical and operational goals were discussed. The subject of the considerations in the fourth part were the functions of an industrial enterprise, including a detailed description of the production, technical, organizational and personnel functions. The division of enterprises according to various criteria is presented in the next section. It focuses on such criteria as business profile, the size of the enterprise, form of ownership, production type, type of production process and market legal form. The last part discusses the market on which an industrial enterprise operates. Its features were presented, as well as the type of industrial products, types of customers and differences between industrial and consumer marketing. Particular attention was also paid to OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer) and MRO (Maintenance Repair and Overhaul).

Analisis Kelayakan Pembangunan Fasilitas Vulkanisir Ban Pesawat Terbang Di Indonesia Dan Strategi Pengembangannya

Airplane tire retreading is the process of reconditioning an airplane tire layer after several take- offs and landing times. Airplane tire retreading can be done between 3-5 times depending on the wear rate of the tire layers.The total number of aircraft operating in Indonesia is 1259 according to data from the DKPPU, and data from INACA 'Indonesia Aviation Outlook 2017' the number of Wide Body jets is 36 and Narrow Body is 414. From these data, the tires with the largest population and the same size is the aircraft tires B737-800/900/ER and A320-200/300 with the number of tires on the Nose Landing Gear/NLG are 806 EA and in the Main Landing Gear/MLG are 1612 EA. The available information states that the need for retreading tires for all Jet aircraft in Indonesia is around USD 13 million per year. About 80% or around USD 10.4 million per year is spending on retreading aircraft tires for B737-800/900/ER and A320- 200/300.This figure is a big opportunity for Indonesia MRO However, MRO (Maintenance Repair & Overhaul) Indonesia cannot take this opportunity because it still does not have the ability to retread airplane tires. For this reason, the authors conducted a feasibility analysis for the construction of aircraft tire retreading facilities for the B737-800/900/ER and A320-200/300 aircraft in Indonesia and conducted a strategic analysis necessary for the construction of the tire retreading facility to be successful. From the feasibility calculation, it is obtained 29.6% ROI (Return On Investment) and 4.8 year PBP (Pay Back Period) shows that the construction of the B737-800/900/ER and A320-200/300 aircraft tire retreading facilities is very feasible. Several strategies to achieve this are collaborating with Original Equipment Manufacturer/ OEM, seeking strategic partners, asking for support from the Government (the Ministry of Industry) by submitting the tire retreading facility development to the Aerospace Industry Roadmap.