​An Annotated Checklist of Finfish and Shellfish Diversity of Pulicat Lake, Southeast Coast of India

Background: Pulicat lake is the second largest brackish water lagoon in the country, lying partly in Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu states along the Coromandel Coast of South India. The present paper gives information on occurrence, habitat preference, trophic level, human utility and fishery status of finfish and shellfish species of the Pulicat Lake. Methods: An extensive survey was conducted on finfish and shellfish diversity of Pulicat Lake from November 2019 to March 2021, selecting four fish landing centres viz, Pazhaverkadu, Arambakkam (fishing villages in Tamil Nadu), Venadu and Vatembedu (fishing villages in Andhra Pradesh) situated along the Lake. Result: In the present study, A total of 145 species including species of finfishes (95), prawns (8), crabs (7) and 35 molluscs (35) were documented from the Lake. Among the four selected landing centres, the highest diversity was observed in Pazhaverkadu, registering 143 species followed by Arambakkam (123), Vatembedu (85) and Venadu (77).

From fishing villages to international tourist destinations: where are the citizens?

The present article examines the relationship between tourism, production of space and the role of residents at two hotspot tourist destinations in Brazil: Cabo Frio, located in State of Rio de Janeiro and Porto Seguro, in State of Bahia. The development of the tourist industry in the localities under study occurred at different points in time. In the first, the urbanization process was associated with the acquisition of second homes in the 1950s, while the second, located in the Northeast region of the country, this process emerged in conjunction with the mass tourism industry only in the late 1980s. We hope this research will enhance understanding of the process of urbanization and the configuration of tourism space and the conflicts arising from this in developing countries, notably Latin America. Our methodology employed theories based on those developed by Chesnais (1996, 2005, 2016), Harvey (2005, 2008, 2011, 2014), Santos (2006) and others to explain the production of space in a way that goes beyond the use of historical data and socioeconomic analysis. The initial conclusion was that, despite the differences in the process (mass tourism vs. second homes, development in space and over time and geographical position), the two geographical locations selected presented the same findings: unequal production of space and the exclusion of local populations. The tourism activity investigated in these two case studies thus appears to replicate the current stage of development in Brazil, characterized by inequality and exclusion and reflected in the landscapes of the country’s tourist destinations.

Проблемы актуализации земледельческих практик в Ямало-Ненецком автономном округе

Agricultural practices in agrocenoses of different ages and in fallow lands of Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Region of the Russian Federation were studied with account for post-agrogenic transformations of soils under cryogenic conditions. Agricultural practices in the YNAR are much consistent with those in Finnish Lapland, Southern Greenland, and remote fishing villages in Alaska. Well-drained areas with sandy, light and medium loamy, sod-meadow or sod-podzolic soils, which are easily warmed and not floating in cases of heavy rainfall, are selected for gardens and fields. The depth of permafrost is reduced in plowed areas and depends on the age of their development. The content of available forms of phosphorus and potassium in the upper layer of fallow soils remains very high even through 5-20 years. The use of agricultural techniques, including mulching, drainage, and application of manure and compost derived from fish, increases soil fertility. Currently, agriculture in YNAR decays for such reasons as remoteness (logistics problems), dependence on weather conditions, difficulties in field cultivation, lack of market for agricultural products, and limited choice of products due to natural conditions and the specifics of the agricultural industry. The small indigenous peoples and the landscapes of the North are inseparable and may be sustainable only based on the traditional ways of life harmonized with the natural and social environments.

Embracing risky refuge: women, land laws and livelihood vulnerabilities in rural Kenya

There has been a growing interest in laws governing resources particularly land in reference to gender in Africa. Law reforms in relation to land have produced potentially useful regulations and espoused egalitarian land rights. However, the backdrop to these reforms contains a scene of land disputes, resistance to laws, violence against women and poor enforcement leading to injustices to women with a pervasive effect on families in vulnerable communities. Using focused ethnographic research methods, the writer investigated women's land rights between November 2015 and August 2016. In-depth interviews, focus group discussions, review of archival records and observations were utilised. The study found that in contexts of prolonged livelihood vulnerabilities, as in the case of the Luo people of south-western Kenya, women seeking refuge from livelihood difficulties employ two strategies to anchor their security. They migrate from marital homes to fishing villages and also lay claim to marital land, which is held by men according to customary laws. These strategies produce social dilemmas and risky manoeuvering. Statutory land laws that are enacted to mitigate land related conflicts undermine the existing customary land laws that advantage men. Therefore, women's land claims, and statutory land laws that espouse equality in land ownership, destabilise men's sense of masculinity. By drawing on the experiences of women, I show the intersection between land laws, enduring injustices and gender relations in a context of strained livelihoods.

ECONOMICS OF FISH PRODUCTION IN CHILIKA LAKE OF ODISHA

Objective-The objectives of the study are to examine the trend and pattern of cost, income and profit from Fish economy in Chilika Lake, to investigate the seasonality and pattern of revenue from tourism in Chilika Lake, to analyze the income and living standards of businessmen and their perception and to assess the developmental activities by Government of Odisha and Chilika Development Authority (CDA) to promote wetland services of Chilika. Methodology-The study is based on environmental impact on Chilika. Approximately 160 species of birds mostly of intercontinental migrant species and Irrawaddy dolphin, the lake is having immense tourism potential. Findings-Chilika as a wetland has a complex and fragile ecosystem unlike other water bodies. Chilika Lake has about 132 fishing villages and it is surrounded by around 273 villages. The population of the fishing villages is more than 0.15 million. Though the country earns foreign revenue by exporting spices fish, prawn, crab its cultivation on crop land is exerting negative impact on the nearby villages and therefore aims at conducting a survey on the socio economic conditions of people involved in fishing activity and the environmental impact of fish cultivation. KEYWORDS: Chilika, Crab, Ecosystem, Fishing, Local businessmen, prawn, Tourism, Wetland

Should I stay or should I go? South Indian artisanal fishers’ precarious livelihoods and their engagement with categorical ocean forecasts

Ocean State Forecasts (OSF) contribute to safe and sustainable fishing, but forecast usage among artisanal fishers is often limited. Our research in Thiruvananthapuram district in the southern Indian state of Kerala tested forecast quality and value, and how fishers engage with forecasts. In two fishing villages, we verified forecast accuracy, skill and reliability by comparing forecasts with observations during the 2018 monsoon season (June – September; n=122). We assessed forecast value by analyzing fishers’ perceptions of weather and risks and the way they used forecasts–based on 8 focus group discussions, 20 interviews, conversations and logs of 10 fishing boats. We find that while forecasts are mostly accurate, inadequate forecasting of unusual events (e.g., wind >45 kmph) and frequent fishing restrictions (n= 32) undermine their value. While fishers seek more localized and detailed forecasts, they do not always use them. Weather forecasts are just one of the tools artisanal fishers deploy; not simply to decide as to whether to go to sea or not, but also to manage potential risks, allowing them to prepare for fishing under hazardous conditions. Instead, their decisions are primarily based on the availability of fish and their economic needs. Based on our findings, we suggest that political, economic and social marginality of south Indian fishers influences the fishers’ perceptions and responses to weather-related risks. Therefore, improving forecast usage requires not only better forecast skill and wide dissemination of tailor-made weather information, but also better appreciation of risk cultures and the livelihood imperatives of artisanal fishing communities.

DIVERSIFIKASI PEKERJAAN SEBAGAI STRATEGI BERTAHAN HIDUP RUMAH TANGGA NELAYAN DI GALESONG UTARA

This study aims to: 1) find out the opportunities for Bontolebang fishermen's households to survive, 2) find out the strategies of fishermen households to survive through job diversification. This type of research is ethnographic qualitative. Data was collected by observation, interviews, and documentation. The data analysis used is qualitative data analysis through the reduction stage, data presentation and conclusion drawing. The results showed that the strategy adopted was an adaptation strategy, and a job diversification strategy by empowering fisherwomen and women-headed households (WKRT) of fishermen, both related to fishing and outside activities. Job diversification opportunities have a dependence on nature that provides resources, so that resource potential is optimized in job diversification alternatives. The diversity of characteristics of the natural environment that each fisherman has. Fishing for fishermen's households is a speculative activity, therefore, fishermen always have an uncertain income. Women become an important part in fulfilling the needs of household life because of the system based on the division of labor. The research implication is that the government, stakeholders and other communities can work together with each other to build policies, or go directly to build fishing villages that are low-income