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2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (23) ◽  
pp. 4915
Author(s):  
Zhenmin Niu ◽  
Nai’ang Wang ◽  
Nan Meng ◽  
Jiang Liu ◽  
Xueran Liang ◽  
...  

Mega-dunes in the lake group area of the Badain Jaran Sand Sea, China, are generally taller than dunes in the non-lake group area. This spatial distribution of dune heights may provide a new perspective on the controversy regarding the dunes’ formation mechanism. In this study, we calculated the relative heights and slopes of individual dunes based on a digital elevation model, and we confirmed the height distribution of abnormally tall dunes in the lake group area of the sand sea. It was also found that slopes of more than 10° in the lake group area are more common than those in the non-lake group area. Based on meteorological observations, coupled with the measurement of water content in the sand layers, we propose a conceptual model demonstrating that moisture exchange between the lakes and soil via non-rainfall water will humidify dune slopes and form a more favorable accumulation environment for aeolian sand, thus increasing dune heights. Although long-term observations are yet to be carried out, the present study can be used as evidence for understanding the basis of dune formation in the lake group area and assessing groundwater utilization in deserts.


Author(s):  
Masashi Tsukamoto ◽  
Airi Tsuji ◽  
Satoru Sekine ◽  
Takahide Omori ◽  
Kenji Suzuki ◽  
...  

AbstractThis study aimed to measure tripartite group area using motion capture systems and investigated whether group area could be used as a measure of pre-school children’s social interactions. In Experiment 1, two typically developing girls and an adult staff member engaged in free play. In Experiment 2, two typically developing boys and two adult staff members played balloon volleyball. Both experiments had three types of measures: subjective evaluation of whether participants played together, social behaviours (e.g. eye contact for Experiment 1 and balloon tosses for Experiment 2) and group area. Results showed that group area was significantly and negatively related to subjective evaluation in Experiment 2, whereas we observed no relationship between subjective evaluation and group area in Experiment 1. Overall, however, only a low correlation was observed between subjective evaluation and group area in Experiment 2. Furthermore, there were strong sequential associations between subjective evaluation and social behaviour, rather than between subjective evaluation and group area. Although group area as an index of social interactions is less accurate than behavioural data directly observed by humans, it may be worth using as a low-cost preliminary measure, since it can be automatically calculated using motion capture systems.


Author(s):  
Mahli Zainuddin ◽  
Hilman Latief

Abstract Members of the Kerinci ethnic group area migrated to and settled in Malaysia centuries before the nation-state era arrived on the Malay Peninsula. Their migration continues in the present, and they face a range of problems, such as ongoing changes in the nation-state in the Malay Peninsula, migration policies, available types of occupations and aspects of their social-economic and cultural context. This paper focuses on the lives of members of ethnic groups from the regency of Kerinci, Sumatra, who have been living as migrants in Malaysia for more than three generations. It explores the ethnic identification of Kerinci migrants in Malaysia and investigates how they have preserved their legacy and protected the land that was inherited from their ancestors. This paper argues that the migration of some Kerinci to Malaysia entails a preservation of cultural differences and reunification of some families, as well as the continuation of certain family inheritances.


2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (Vol 63 (2020)) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jouni Takalo

Abstract We analyze the temporal distribution of sunspot groups for even and odd cycles in the range SC12-SC24. It seems that cycle 24 is a characteristic even cycle, although with low amplitude. The number of large sunspot groups for cycle 24 is relatively smaller than for the average of both even and odd cycles SC12-SC23, and there is a deep decline of the large groups in the middle of the cycle. Temporal evolution of the sunspot groups of the even cycles is non-synchronous such that the northern hemisphere distribution of groups maximizes earlier that the southern hemisphere groups. This leads to a double-peak structure for the average even cycle. On the other hand, the distributions of the sunspot groups of odd cycles maximize simultaneously. We show that this double-peak structure intensifies the Gnevyshev gap (GG) for the even cycles, but is not its primary cause. On the contrary, we show that the GG exists for even and odd cycles, and separately on both hemispheres. We resample all cycles to have equal number of 3945 days and study the difference in the evolution of average total group area and average group area of the even and odd cycles separately. The analysis shows that there is a decline in both total area and average area in the even cycles 1445 days (about four years) after the beginning of the cycle, which is at least 99 % significant for both total and average area. The odd cycles do not have such a clear decline.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth Cummins ◽  
Daile Zhang

<p>This full-year study spanning portions of 2017-18 quantifies GOES-16 Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM) flash detection efficiency (DE) in central Florida using the Kennedy Space Center Lightning Mapping Array (LMA). Findings support the expectation that about 70% of all flashes are reported when averaged over all thunderstorms and times-of-day. When quantified as a function of LMA flash parameters, GLM exhibited an average of 40% DE for small (main channel length of 5-8 km), and even lower DE for shorter-length and/or short-duration (less than 200 milliseconds) flashes. Conversely, GLM exhibited more than 95% DE for long-duration flashes with main channel lengths of 50-100 km. DE was somewhat lower during daylight and higher at night.  Flash size and duration, on average are shown to be a critical parameter influencing GLM detection.  Given that this behavior occurred for severe and non-severe storms, it is likely an important contributing factor to the low flash detection efficiency for storms with high flash rates (and resulting small/short flashes) associated with severe weather, thereby modulating the effects of optical scattering and absorption within cloud volumes.</p><p>These findings can be explained by the time-evolution of cloud-top optical emissions derived from observations using the Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS) onboard the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Satellite. Specifically, LIS group area, energy density, and cloud-top energy in intra-cloud flashes, on average, reached a local maximum value in the very first few milliseconds of a flash and fell to their minimum values at around 10-20 milliseconds into the flash. After that, all parameters gradually increased over the next 80-100 milliseconds to reach the initial values, and then continued to increase for longer-duration flashes. In addition, statistical simulations based on long-term LIS group area observations indicate that about half of the above-threshold light sources are smaller than a LIS pixel (~ 4 km x 4 km) and are the smallest during initial breakdown in IC flashes.</p><p>These observations have implications for expectations about the performance of all satellite lightning observing instruments that are based on optical observations operating in the near-IR portion of the optical spectrum.  The specific values for optical source size and cloud-top energy provided by this study, as a function of time-in-flash, should help refine the expectations for the performance of the upcoming Lightning Imager on the Meteosat Third Generation geostationary satellite.</p><p> </p>


2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-54
Author(s):  
Moch Fathoni Setiawan ◽  
Andi Purnomo

Taman Monumen 45 is one of the city park in Pekalongan City, in which there are statues of the heroes as monument to commemorate the services of the heroes. In this park there are also garden element in shape of hard elements and soft elements. Some hard elements are sitting group, pedestrian area, sports area, and the statue of the heroes (sculpture). The hard elements are referred to support the communal activity for the citizens of Pekalongan. They are functioned as for gathering and chatting, lounging, skateboarding and BMX styling. This study aims to assess the feasibility aspects in Taman Monumen 45 in Pekalongan City. From the research, it was revealed that there are some elements of the park that do not meet the eligibility aspect as constituting elements of communal space. It can be seen from the condition of these elements, either hard material or soft material that is still less maintained and is not in accordance with its function.Taman Monumen 45 merupakan salah satu taman kota di Kota Pekalongan yang mana di sana terdapat patung pahlawan sebagai monumen untuk mengenang jasa para pahlawan. Pada taman ini juga terdapat elemen taman berupa elemen keras (hard material) dan elemen lunak (soft material). Elemen keras pada taman ini diantaranya sitting group, area pedestrian, sport area, dan patung pahlawan (sculpture). Elemen keras tersebut sebagai salah satu pendukung aktifitas komunal bagi warga Kota Pekalongan seperti berkumpul, mengobrol dan duduk santai, tempat bermain skateboard dan BMX style. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji aspek kelayakan pada Taman Monumen 45 di Kota Pekalongan. Dari hasil penelitian, terungkap bahwa ada beberapa elemen taman yang tidak memenuhi aspek kelayakan sebagai pembentuk elemen ruang komunal. Hal ini dapat dilihat dari kondisi elemen-elemen tersebut, baik hard material atau soft material yang masih kurang terawat dan tidak sesuai dengan fungsinya.


2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (10) ◽  
pp. 1092-1098 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher S. Lee ◽  
David C. Cron ◽  
Michael N. Terjimanian ◽  
Leah D. Canvasser ◽  
Alyssa A. Mazurek ◽  
...  

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