Wellbeing and Resilience in Tourism: A Systematic Literature Review During COVID-19

The United Nations World Tourism Organization (UWTO) has acknowledged 2020 as the worst year in tourism history due to the worldwide pandemic COVID-19. Destinations, tourists, local communities, stakeholders, and residents, and their daily activities were affected. Thus, wellbeing and resilience are two crucial variables to help the industry and the people recover. This research aims to analyze early positive approaches and attitudes to respond to the negative impact of COVID-19 in tourism everyday activities that have at its core wellbeing and resilience, the two main variables of the Positive Psychology field of studies. A systematic literature review was conducted, following PRISMA guidelines to achieve this aim. The research was done using the Online Knowledge Library (B-on) and all the available databases. The research led to 32 articles that were screened using the inclusion and exclusion criteria. A total of 18 scientific articles met all criteria. Overall, results show that a positive and resilient approach to deal with the adverse outcomes of the pandemic is a concern for stakeholders and the future of the organizations in the tourism and hospitality sector, as is tourists’ wellbeing. However, less research has been done on wellbeing and a clear lack of research regarding residents’ wellbeing and resilience is evident. A deeper study of wellbeing and resilience in tourism is needed, and actual practices and interventions to ensure that all tourism actors have the resources to overcome the pandemic and restart the industry’s daily lives feeling well and safe.

TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP AND ENERGIZING ORGANIZATIONAL LEARNING: EMPIRICAL MODEL FOR IMPROVING COMMUNITY-BASED ECO-TOURISM PERFORMANCE IN INDONESIA

This paper aimed to examine the effect of transformational leadership, energizing organizational learning and teamwork efficacy on improving Indonesia community-based eco-tourism organization performance. A field survey was conducted in the Tasikmalaya tourism sector. A total of 205 eco-tourism workers were surveyed to obtain data. This study offered a conceptual model for variable proposed to improve the eco-tourism community performance. The findings show that transformational leadership and energizing the organizational learning process positively affects organizational performance in the eco-tourism community. The author argues that energizing the organizational learning process mediates the relation between transformational leadership and organizational performance. This study addressed gaps in transformational leadership literature and practices by examining the interactions between energizing organizational learning process and eco-tourism workers teamwork's efficacy.

ELABORATION OF AN OPTIMAL MODEL FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF GASTRONOMIC TOURISM IN THE RIGHT-BANK POLISSIA OF UKRAINE

Based on the study of spatial forms of tourism organization, their structure and patterns of formation to prove that the most optimal form is a cluster model of organization. Also to describe the features, structure, composition and life cycle of potential tourist clusters of the object of study. In the process of substantiating the development of a cluster model on the Right-Bank Polissia of Ukraine the authors used a combination of general and special methods of scientific research (modeling, information, cluster analysis, geoinformation mapping). It is proved that the creation of regional clusters of gastronomic tourism development of the Right-Bank Polissia of Ukraine will lead to the strengthening of competitive advantages of its participants. The proposed cluster model has been visualized cartographically, also its administrative and functional structure has been developed. Substantiated clusters of gastronomic tourism of the region will become the basis for further scientific research aimed at dividing the territory of the Right-Bank Polissia of Ukraine on the basis of the operational units allocation for gastronomic and tourist zoning.

KARABAKH'S TOURISM PROSPECTS AS A KEY FACTOR IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE NATIONAL ECONOMY

In the modern world, tourism is perceived as a socio-economic event that directly and indirectly affects the development of all related infrastructure. Modern tourism is based on a high level of development of transport, social and service sectors, which ultimately makes it a highly profitable sector of the economy. According to the World Tourism Organization (WTO), tourism is one of the most profitable and dynamic sectors of the world economy today. It is the second most profitable after oil production and refining. Tourism accounts for about 6% of the world's gross domestic product, 7% of global investment, every 16th job, 11% of global consumption spending and 5% of all tax revenues. In this regard, the tourism sector is actively developing in many countries with state support. The main purpose of the study is to analyze the prospects for the development of tourism in Karabakh. Nagorno-Karabakh has great tourism potential, and the restoration of lost infrastructure communications in the liberated territories is expected to create favorable conditions for business, including the development of tourism. The article discusses the features of tourism in Karabakh, the concept of tourism development prospects, as well as its problems. Keyword: Karabakh, tourism, development, economy, prospects

The Mediating Effect of Coping Strategies Between Psychological Capital and Small Tourism Organization Resilience: Insights From the COVID-19 Pandemic, Malaysia

Amid difficulty, the psychological capital of small tourism firm owners/managers has been given less attention. In the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, this research examined how psychological capital (self-efficacy, hope, optimism, and resilience) affects organizational resilience. By structural equation modeling (AMOS 21.0), 644 small tourism firm owners in Malaysia were randomly selected to investigate the relationship between psychological capital and organizational resilience, and the mediating effect of problem-focused and emotion-focused coping strategies on this relationship. The findings of the study supported hypothesized relationships, as the psychological capital of small tourism firm owners in Malaysia significantly affects organizational resilience. Furthermore, the study discovered that problem-focused and emotion-focused coping strategies have partial mediating effects on the association between psychological capital and organizational resilience. In the context of small tourism businesses sector, the findings of the study have implications, as the firms identify the recovery procedure in the COVID-19 pandemic.

The sustainable tourism organization of rural spaces. The island of Sardinia in the era of "staycation"

What future for tourism in the COVID-19 era? This is a question that has become part of the daily life of many tourist destinations. The pandemic has affected all economic sectors and tourism is one of the sectors most suffered. According to data from the World Tourism Organization (2021) due to the health emergency 100% of countries have introduced restrictions in the travel sector and for this reason international tourist arrivals dropping by 74% in 2020. Future projections indicate 2023 as the year when a the "regular" flow of tourists can be recorded globally. However, in the meantime, there is a need to improve this sector by implementing strategies to promote and enhance the places to motivate sustainable tourism. The insecurity of travel and of some destinations, due to the many emergency restrictions, pushes tourists to live an outdoor vacation in contact with nature and host community. Thus, the search for authentic places moves minds more consciously towards sustainable tourism practices showing a greater interest in some forms of tourism such as rural and cultural.The aim of this work is to understand how to deal with the "new" needs of the demand, bringing out the rural realities through the creation of an organized sustainable offer that revolves around existing accommodation facilities such as farmhouses. In particular, the case of Sardinia will be analyzed, an island that has long been known for its seaside tourism, but whose rural and internal areas are still not much used touristically. The study intends, after a short review of the literature on the sustainability of rural tourism, highlight the possibility to create rural tourist itineraries capable of enhancing the territory's peculiarities by combining the different landscape assets. The exemplification of the creation of these routes will be realized in GIS field through the creation of a model of accessibility to the Sardinian rural space. This model will be based on the use of isochronous curves obtained from the analysis of travel times both to move towards and from the agritourism that offer accommodation and within their landscape offer.

A DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION FOR THE ENTROPY OF RURAL TOURISM IN THE CONTEXT OF COVID-19

The tourism industry was one of the world’s greatest markets, until the world was affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Now, tourism managers have to carefully assess the impact of epidemics on their businesses and develop new risk management methods to cope with the crisis. The current pandemic has created an opportunity for the development of rural tourism. This study aims to present a mathematical modeling of the entropy of rural tourism in the context of COVID-19 and a differential equation verified by this entropy. The model presented in this paper reflects the entropy of the preference for this type of tourism and a differential equation that models its variation. This paper aims to offer a tool to measure uncertainty regarding this topic. The model can be generalized and applied to any epidemic. The model could be used by specialists in quality management and mathematical modeling, managers of rural tourism organizations, local authorities, to estimate the entropy regarding how rural tourism has been and is still impacted by the COVID-19. The results obtained will help policy makers take necessary strategic and operational decisions, along with maximizing the profit of the rural tourism organization as well as the safety of the tourists

Environmental Awareness in the Sun, Sea and Sand Tourism Sector. A Study with the Delphi Technique

The so-called sun, sea and sand tourism continues to be the type of tourism that fosters the greatest flow of passengers on an international scale, giving rise to an economic impact and job creation. However, like any other type of economic and human activity, it generates negative externalities that manifest themselves in environmental impacts. The One Planet Sustainable Tourism Programme led by The World Tourism Organization announces its new vision for global tourism– growing better, stronger, and balancing the needs of people, planet and prosperity.Beyond good intentions, with the Delphi technique as a tool, a first approach has been made to elucidate the environmental awareness of the sector, the commitment to develop and incorporate sustainable plans to behave in an ethical manner and contribute to economic development while the quality of the environment and local communities as a whole. 14 professionals were selected to participate in the Delphi, all from different companies worldwide focused on geographical areas intended for sun, sea and sand tourism. Obtaining as a response, still, a sector with very weak awareness that does not incorporate the environment into its operational structures, it does not take responsibility for its own actions nor future sustainable developments.

Combining Conventional Statistics and Big Data to Map Global Tourism Destinations Before COVID-19

World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) is the major source of internationally comparable data on tourism. However, UNWTO data has two drawbacks: it focuses on international trips and ignores differences between regions within individual countries. Alternative sources of big data are increasingly used to enhance tourism statistics. In this paper, we combine traditional information sources with gridded population dataset and Airbnb data to address the limitations of UNWTO statistics. We produce a map of world tourism destinations measured by the number of tourism visits and tourism expenditure in 2019, before the COVID-19 pandemic. We then identify hot spots of tourism and compare the level of spatial concentration of tourism to that of global population and economy. The results illustrate how supply and demand shape the global distribution of tourism, highlight the dominance of domestic travels in global tourism mobility and may help planning tourism policy in the face of current global challenges.