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2022 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-127
Author(s):  
Maria Isabel Busato

ABSTRACT These notes aim to revisit the debate, the model, the results, and main objections to the validity of the Ricardian Equivalence Theorem as presented in Barro (1974). It is intended to explore his thesis that tax and debt are equivalent and have no real effect on perceived wealth, demand, the real interest rate or on the economy. The thesis refers to the analysis of the ways of financing debt at a given level of government expenditure and does not address the effects of an expansion of this volume of spending, nor it specifically analyzes the effects of an increase in public debt due to a tax reduction policy. After this presentation, the thesis is debated, consolidating some of the premises that are necessary to validate it. The purpose of the paper is to explore the first round of debates on the theme, explaining the restrictions to which the Barro-Ricardo Theorem or the Ricardian Equivalence Theorem is subject, based on the publications by Barro (1976), Buchanan (1976) and Feldstein (1976), all of them within the ‘realm’ of economic orthodoxy. The final section presents some remarks and an analysis of Barro’s later work (1989 and 1996).


2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 15-31
Author(s):  
Leni Handayani ◽  
Bambang Hermanto ◽  
Dian Habibie ◽  
Sugiar Sugiar

Many factors must be considered in agricultural development in North Sumatra ranging from farmers as producers, availability of land for production, cultivation of planting, superior seeds, fertilizers, agricultural facilities/tools, infrastructure, post-harvest, distribution, processing of produce, price stability, to fulfilled food at the level of consumption. The purpose of this study is to analyze the performance of agribusiness systems as well as socio-economic factors of soybean farmers in North Sumatra. To assess the performance of agribusiness systems with good criteria, good enough and less good used questionnaire data by shifting the answer score by weight. To test socioeconomic factors, a formula for multiple linear regression is used. The results showed that farmers in carrying out aspects of organizing on average were good (score 31.6). Statistical tests of socio-economic factors of age (X2), education (X3), number of dependents (X5) have no real effect on the income of soybean farmers (Y) while land area (X1)and experience (X4) have a real effect on the income of soybean farmers (Y).


Actuators ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 328
Author(s):  
Qiang Bai ◽  
Shaobo Li ◽  
Jing Yang ◽  
Mingming Shen ◽  
Sanlong Jiang ◽  
...  

Researchers all over the world are aiming to make robots with accurate and stable human-like grasp capabilities, which will expand the application field of robots, and development of a reasonable grasping strategy is the premise of this function. In this paper, the improved deeplabV3+ semantic segmentation algorithm is used to predict a triangle grasp strategy. The improved model was trained on the relabeled Cornell grasp datasets and tested on self-collected datasets. Compared with the existing rectangular grasp strategy, the proposed algorithm and triangle grasp strategy have achieved outstanding performance in stability, accuracy, and speed. Finally, based on the ROS platform, this paper deploys the trained model and verifies the real effect of the trained grasping strategy prediction model, and achieves excellent grasping effect.


2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (2) ◽  
pp. 114-130
Author(s):  
Anastasiia SVIRIDOVSKA ◽  

According to the current legislation, the modern Ukrainian pension system is not yet fully formed. In Ukraine, PFC contributions currently form a source of pension benefits for citizens. The solidarity pension system is crumbling . That is, as in the rest of the world, the nation is aging, the share of retirees is growing, and there is less able-bodied population. The search for new ways to save for old age is in the direction of creating a mandatory accumulation under the supervision of the state. Thus, today, a second level of the pension system, mandatory accumulative component, and a rather underdeveloped and unpopular non-state pension system, which forms the third level of the national pension system, do not function. However, in 2020, the work on the concept and bill on the mandatory savings system was intensified. Its introduction is seen as a tool that can increase both the level of pensions and their differentiation. But the world experience of such reforms shows that the real effect on payments from the savings system will have to wait at least 15-20 or even 25 years. The article examines the issue of introducing a funded pension level at the legislative level. According to the results of an expanded analysis of 19 draft laws on reforming the current pension legislation and proposals for new laws on these issues in the period from 2018 to 2021, we can conclude that there is no single concept of amending legislation, so most bills are either withdrawn or sent for further refinement. Currently, various aspects of the pension system of Ukraine are regulated by a large number of legislative acts, so there are signs of dispersion in these draft legislative changes. Most of the bills are developed to enhance the welfare of certain categories of citizens, including servicemen, single mothers, victims of the Chernobyl accident, war veterans and more. The issues of the accumulative pension system are mainly raised in the bills of 2020–2021.


2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (23) ◽  
pp. 233-272
Author(s):  
İhsan Bulut ◽  
Elif Derya Özdemir

“At-tawheedu isqāt al-idhāfāt”, which is a definition of tawheed, that states “tawheed is to deny the attributes” is a concept of tawheed belonging to high mysticism. One of the evaluations made about the tawheed of “isqāt al-idhāfāt” attributed to Junaid Baghdadi, is that it is the tawheed of true tawheed and havâssu'l-havâss. Isqāt al-idhāfāt tawheed is also presented as a benchmark, which is an important criterion of true tawheed in sufi literature. The fact that havâssu'l-havâss is a definition of tawheed is sufficient evidence to express its difficulty. It is for this reason that it is said that “ isqāt al-idhāfāt, which is the perfection of tawheed, is one of the intensified and difficult tasks of arbāb-i tahqīq”. When the isqāt al-idhāfāt tawheed is evaluated within the framework of the Sunni mysticism and unity of existing paradigms, some interpretation differences arise. This definition of tawheed has been mentioned a lot in the verse and prose texts of classical Turkish literature. When isqāt al-idhāfāt tawheed, (which has different interpretations), is used for human beings and other creatures, it does not give a real effect to bad thoughts, causes, and reduces the existence of creatures to the level of imagination and does not give them the rank of real existence (wujud-u-genuki); When used for the divine essence, it is based on the concept of Ahadiyet. As far as it is known, Farid al-Din Attar was the first person to use the term “isqāt al-idhāfāt” in poetry. Attar uses the term isqāt al-idhāfāt in Asrār-nāmeh's tawheed ode with the phrase “که التوحید اسقاط الإضافات / Ki al-tawheedu isqāt al-idhāfāt”. This usage has been quoted by both Persian literature poets and classical Turkish literature poets. The concepts of tajrīd, tefrīd, abandonment and unity of tawheed-i misākī have a very close connection with the concept of isqāt al-idhāfāt. Key Words: Tawheed (Monotheism), Tajrīd, Oneness, Abandoning, Ahadiyet


2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 404-410
Author(s):  
Saidin Nainggolan ◽  
Mirawati Yanita ◽  
Manuel Leonardo

This study aims to analyze factors that affect the productivity of oil palm plantations in Jambi Province. This research was conducted in sentra palm oil production in Merangin Regency with the research locus of South Veil Subdistrict selected purposive. The data used consists of Primary Data that includes social factors, economic factors, behavior of the use of production inputs and productivity of oil palm plantations.. The sample size is 80 farmers. Sample withdrawal by Simple Random Sampling method Restoration of structural models factors that affect the productivity of oil palm plantations is used sem Partial Least Squaremodel. The results showed that social factors, economic factors and institutional access factors were in the moderate category. The productivity of oil palm plantations is relatively low. Manifest social factors, which have a very real effect is the age of farmers. Manifest market access and product prices have a very real effect on economic factors. Manifest access to fertilizer procurement and fertilizer prices has a very real effect on the behavior of the use of production inputs and moderation variables that have a significant effect on the productivity of oil palm plantations. Policies that need to be done to improve. Is the strengthening of economic factors in the field of product prices and market access, and upay6a strengthening the behavior of farmers in the use of production inputs, especially fertilizers by providing subsidy incentives.


2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 85
Author(s):  
Afe Dwiani ◽  
Suburi Rahman

This research aimed to determine the effect of concentration and soaking time in calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) on the quality of plantain chips (Musa paradisiaca formatypica). The method that used in this study was complete randomized design (CRD) with a double factors that was concentration of calcium hydroxide (1%, 5% and 10%) and soaking time (10, 20 and 30 minutes), with treatment are KP1 (1% : 10 minutes), KP2 (5% : 10 minutes), KP3 (10% : 10 minutes), KP4 (1% : 20 minutes), KP5 (5% : 20 minutes), KP6 (10% : 20 minutes), KP7 (1% : 30 minutes), KP8 (5% : 30 minutes) and KP9 (10% : 30 minutes). The data of the research were analyzed using Analysis of Variance at level 5% and tested continued using the test of Least Significant Different (LSD) at the same level if there was a real difference. The results showed that the concentration and soaking time in calcium hydroxide had a real effect on chemical qualities (water, ash, fat, and zinc/Zn) and organoleptic (taste, color, aroma, and texture) of plantain chips. In zinc content for all instruments are suitable with standard (SNI No. 01-4315-1996) for banana chips, while for moisture, ash, and fat content, not all treatments are suitable with the standard. In organoleptic parameters for taste, color, and aroma, panelists preferred treatment of KP1 (concentration of calcium hydroxide 1% and soaking time of 10 minutes) for best result, while for texture the treatment of KP9 (concentration of calcium hydroxide 10% and soaking time 30 minutes) produces the best quality based from panelist choice.


2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 43
Author(s):  
Salsabila L. Murdolelono ◽  
Maximilian M. J. Kapa ◽  
Maria Bano

This study aims (1) to analyze the influence of the use of production factors on the amount of mustard production; (2) to analyze the technical efficiency of the use of production inputs in mustard farming in the research area; and (3) to analyze the feasibility of mustard farming in the research area. Determination of the sample of respondent farmers using the method of saturated samples because the members of the population is small (41 people). So the number of respondents was as many as 41 farmers. The results showed that the use of land area input (x1), seeds (x2), organic fertilizers (x3), inorganic fertilizers (x4), pesticides (x5), and labor (X6) simultaneously had a significant effect on mustard production (α=0.05), as evidenced by the value of F-stat of 441,015 greater than F table of 2.49. Partially the production factor that has a very significant effect (α=0.01) on the increase in mustard production is the land with a regression coefficient of 0.082 and a t-stat value of 8,396, seeds have a real effect (α0.05) on mustard production with a regression coefficient value of 0.082 and a t count value of 3,075 and inorganic fertilizers have a noticeable effect (α=0.10) on mustard production with a regression coefficient value of 0.065 and a t stat value of 2.125. While other production factors, namely organic fertilizers, pesticides and labor have no real effect on the production of mustard at the research site. The Coefficient of Determination (R2) obtained a value of 0.994 which means that 99,4% of the dependent variable was expamimed by the independent variables while the remaining 0.6% is explained by other variables that are not included in the model. The use of production factors such as land area, seeds, organic fertilizers, inorganic fertilizers and labor in mustard farming was technically efficient, because the value of b > 0. This can be seen from the coefficient of regression of each variable, namely land area (0.395), seeds (0.082), organic fertilizers (0.079), inorganic fertilizers (0.395) and labor (0.002). While the pesticide input production in mustard farming is technically inefficient, because the value of b < 0. This can be seen from the value of pesticide regression coefficient of -0.035. Mustard farming at the research site provides relative profit with the value of R /C Ratio > 1 (R/C= 3.65) so that mustard farming is feasible to be cultivated.


2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-42
Author(s):  
Munandar Labongkeng ◽  
Lani Pelia ◽  
Hertasning Yatim

Increasing of maize productivity can be reched through using of superior varieties BISI 18, aplication of organic fertilizer, and regulation of crop populations. This study was aimed to know the influence of jajar legowo planting system (2:1) and cow manure on growth and yield of maize. This research was conducted in Bualemo B, Bualemo, Banggai from July up to October 2020. The experiment was arranged in Randomized Block Design with 2 factors, the first factor is the spacing of planting in legowo planting system (2:1), which consists of 3 levels namely 70 x 25 x 25 cm (J1), 70 x 30 x 30 cm (J2), 70 x 35 x 35 cm (J3), the second factor is the dose of manure which consists of 3 levels namely 8 tons/ha (K1), 9 tons/ha (K2), and 10 tons/ha (K3). Each treatment had 3 replications so there were 27 treatment plots. The results showed that the combination of jajar legowo planting system and cow manure has no effect on the height of plants at 2, 4, and 6 weeks after planting, as well as the number of leaves, but giving the effect on the height of plants at 8 weeks after planting. The combination of jajar legowo planting system and cow manure has a real effect on the average weight of cob and has a very real effect on dry weight per plot. The  weight average in corn cobs about 239.67 grams in the spacing of planting 70 x 35 x 35 cm with 8 tons/ha dose of manure. While the grain dry weight average is highest in the spacing of planting 70 x 35 x 35 cm with 10 tons/ha dose of manure and it is about  212.56 ounces.


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