EXPRESS: Do Promotions Make Consumers More Generous? The Impact of Price Promotions on Consumers’ Donation Behavior

Despite the growing concerns regarding the increasing consumerism related to promotions, this research documents a positive effect of price promotions on consumers’ donation behavior. Specifically, the authors propose that price promotions increase consumers’ perceived resources, which in turn increase consumers’ donation behavior. A series of seven studies, combining field and experimental data, provide converging support for this proposition and its underlying mechanism of perceived resources. Further, the authors show that the positive effect of price promotions on consumers’ donation behavior is attenuated when consumers focus on the amount of money spent (rather than saved), when consumers feel they have overspent their budget, and when the monetary savings cannot be realized immediately. Finally, the authors show that this effect is stronger when donation solicitation occurs immediately after the price promotion (vs. after a delay). This research documents a novel behavioral consequence of price promotions and uncovers a mechanism by which price promotions can lead to positive social consequences and contribute to a better world.

Meridian interference reveals neural locus of motion-induced position shifts

When a Gabor patch moves along a path in one direction while its internal texture drifts orthogonally to this path, it can appear to deviate from its physical path by 45° or more. This double-drift illusion is different from other motion-induced position shift effects in several ways: it has an integration period of over a second; the illusory displacement that accumulates over a second or more is orthogonal to rather than along the motion path; the perceptual deviations are much larger; and they have little or no effect on eye movements to the target. In this study we investigated the underlying neural mechanisms of the motion integration and position processing for this double-drift stimulus by testing possible anatomical constraints on its magnitude. We found that the illusion was reduced at the vertical and horizontal meridians when the perceptual path would cross or be driven toward the meridian, but not at other locations or other motion directions. The disruption of the accumulation of the position error at both the horizontal and vertical meridians suggests a central role of quadrantic areas in the generation of this type of motion-induced position shift. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The remarkably strong double-drift illusion is disrupted at both the vertical and horizontal meridians. We propose that this finding is the behavioral consequence of the anatomical gaps at both meridians, suggesting that neural areas with quadrantic representations (e.g., V2, V3) are the initial locus of this motion-induced position shift. This result rules out V1 as the source of the illusion because it has an anatomical break only at the vertical meridian.

Behavioral Consequence of Exploitation

In behavioral ecology, the behavioral consequences of individuals (exploiters) using the investments of others (investors), rather than investing time or effort in procuring a resource themselves, has been traditionally studied using the producer–scrounger (PS) model—a simple evolutionary game theoretic model in which producers (investors) search for resources while scroungers (exploiters) use the resources found by producers. A key assumption in the PS model is that the producer remains passive toward scroungers. As the presence of scroungers is costly, evidence is reviewed that one major consequence of having exploiters is the adoption by producers of strategies that reduce the benefits of scroungers, giving rise to countermeasures by scroungers. Scroungers also affect population structure by generating consistent differences among individuals and affecting spatial preferences within groups. Reviewing the impact of scrounging on populations should help generate parallels to explore the consequences of exploitative behavior in economics and public health.

Is impulsive violence an addiction? The Habit Hypothesis

Impulsive violence may be the behavioral consequence of inefficient information processing within specific neuronal networks. Analogous to the hypothetical pathophysiology of addiction, maladaptations within reward pathways may shift goal-directed behaviors to impulsive reactions and then to compulsive habits, in order to create impulsive violence.

The Consequences of Panic

The most common behavioral consequence of panic is the emergence of avoidance behavior. If this behavior becomes excessive/extensive, it can be disabling. It is postulated that the major determinant of panic-related avoidance behavior is the person’s present prediction of the probability of experiencing a panic in specified circumstances. Other factors, such as the expected aversiveness of the panic and the availability of safety signals, also contribute to the avoidance. The cognitive consequences of panic include the following: Episodes of panic are followed by increases in the prediction of future panics, and in expected fear, but little or no increase in reported fear. Unexpected panics make the largest contribution to these changes, and expected panics are followed by little or no change in predictions or reports of panic or of fear. Disconfirmed predictions of panic are followed by reductions in fear, and with sufficient repetitions, by reductions in predictions of panic.