antimicrobial defense
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2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Contini ◽  
Alessandra Olianas ◽  
Simone Serrao ◽  
Carla Deriu ◽  
Federica Iavarone ◽  
...  

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zijie Xia ◽  
Jihao Xu ◽  
Eugene Lu ◽  
Wei He ◽  
Silu Deng ◽  
...  

Increasing evidence supports that N6-methyladenosine (m6A) mRNA modification may play an important role in regulating immune responses. Intestinal epithelial cells orchestrate gastrointestinal mucosal innate defense to microbial infection, but underlying mechanisms are still not fully understood. In this study, we present data demonstrating significant alterations in the topology of host m6A mRNA methylome in intestinal epithelial cells following infection by Cryptosporidium parvum, a coccidian parasite that infects the gastrointestinal epithelium and causes a self-limited disease in immunocompetent individuals but a life-threatening diarrheal disease in AIDS patients. Altered m6A methylation in mRNAs in intestinal epithelial cells following C. parvum infection is associated with downregulation of alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase alkB homolog 5 and the fat mass and obesity-associated protein with the involvement of NF-кB signaling. Functionally, m6A methylation statuses influence intestinal epithelial innate defense against C. parvum infection. Specifically, expression levels of immune-related genes, such as the immunity-related GTPase family M member 2 and interferon gamma induced GTPase, are increased in infected cells with a decreased m6A mRNA methylation. Our data support that intestinal epithelial cells display significant alterations in the topology of their m6A mRNA methylome in response to C. parvum infection with the involvement of activation of the NF-кB signaling pathway, a process that modulates expression of specific immune-related genes and contributes to fine regulation of epithelial antimicrobial defense.


2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiya Singh ◽  
Viswanathan Vijayan ◽  
Saiema Ahmedi ◽  
Pradeep Pant ◽  
Nikhat Manzoor ◽  
...  

The problem of antibiotic resistance has prompted researchers around the globe to search for new antimicrobial agents. Antimicrobial proteins and peptides are naturally secreted by almost all the living organisms to fight infections and can be safer alternatives to chemical antibiotics. Lactoferrin (LF) is a known antimicrobial protein present in all body secretions. In this study, LF was digested by trypsin, and the resulting hydrolysates were studied with respect to their antimicrobial properties. Among the hydrolysates, a 21-kDa basic fragment of LF (termed lactosmart) showed promise as a new potent antimicrobial agent. The antimicrobial studies were performed on various microorganisms including Shigella flexneri, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli as well as fungal pathogens such as Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, and Candida glabrata. In addition, the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-binding properties of lactosmart were studied using surface plasmon resonance technique in vitro, along with docking of LPS and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation studies. The results showed that lactosmart had better inhibitory effects against pathogenic microorganisms compared to LF. The results of docking and MD simulation studies further validated the tighter binding of LPS to lactosmart compared to LF. The two LPS-binding sites have been characterized structurally in detail. Through these studies, it has been demonstrated that in native LF, only one LPS-binding site remains exposed due to its location being on the surface of the molecule. However, due to the generation of the lactosmart molecule, the second LPS-binding site gets exposed too. Since LPS is an essential and conserved part of the bacterial cell wall, the pro-inflammatory response in the human body caused by LPS can be targeted using the newly identified lactosmart. These findings highlight the immense potential of lactosmart in comparison to native LF in antimicrobial defense. We propose that lactosmart can be further developed as an antibacterial, antifungal, and antibiofilm agent.


2020 ◽  
Vol 218 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabrina Sofia Burgener ◽  
Kate Schroder

The second trimester of pregnancy is traditionally viewed as an immunosuppressive state. Megli et al. (https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20200649) change this paradigm, showing that midgestation induces inflammasome signaling in placental trophoblasts to promote fetal and maternal antimicrobial defense. The placenta is thus a dynamic immunological organ.


2020 ◽  
pp. 61-66
Author(s):  
S.A. Schetinin

The article presents an analysis of the results of using a low-intensity laser in patients with chronic recurrent adenoiditis. Laser therapy was carried out using continuous exposure to red spectrum radiation (wavelength 632 nm, output power from 6 to 8 mW), exposure was performed endonasally for 60 s in each nostril, radiation dose 0.5 J / cm2, the course of treatment consisted of 10 s procedures. It was shown that in the group using laser therapy, the hypertrophy of the pharyngeal tonsil decreased, the number of pathobionts on its surface decreased, and the cellular factors of local antimicrobial defense normalized.


2020 ◽  
Vol 55 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Sanne L. Landman ◽  
Maaike E. Ressing ◽  
Annemarthe G. van der Veen

Author(s):  
Samuel Cerps ◽  
Hamid Akbarshahi ◽  
Sangeetha Ramu ◽  
Mandy Menzel ◽  
Cecilia Andersson ◽  
...  

2020 ◽  
Vol 140 (7) ◽  
pp. S41
Author(s):  
L. Zhang ◽  
C. Guerrero-Juarez ◽  
S. Chen ◽  
X. Zhang ◽  
M. Yin ◽  
...  

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