Four Puzzles of Reputation-Based Cooperation

Research in various disciplines has highlighted that humans are uniquely able to solve the problem of cooperation through the informal mechanisms of reputation and gossip. Reputation coordinates the evaluative judgments of individuals about one another. Direct observation of actions and communication are the essential routes that are used to establish and update reputations. In large groups, where opportunities for direct observation are limited, gossip becomes an important channel to share individual perceptions and evaluations of others that can be used to condition cooperative action. Although reputation and gossip might consequently support large-scale human cooperation, four puzzles need to be resolved to understand the operation of reputation-based mechanisms. First, we need empirical evidence of the processes and content that form reputations and how this may vary cross-culturally. Second, we lack an understanding of how reputation is determined from the muddle of imperfect, biased inputs people receive. Third, coordination between individuals is only possible if reputation sharing and signaling is to a large extent reliable and valid. Communication, however, is not necessarily honest and reliable, so theoretical and empirical work is needed to understand how gossip and reputation can effectively promote cooperation despite the circulation of dishonest gossip. Fourth, reputation is not constructed in a social vacuum; hence we need a better understanding of the way in which the structure of interactions affects the efficiency of gossip for establishing reputations and fostering cooperation.

Private Tastes and Public Desires: Exploring the Perspectives and Practices of Private Collectors who Share their Collections Publicly

<p>Private collectors who share their collections publicly provide a valuable service to the public. They collect and provide access to cultural heritage materials just as public institutions such as museums and galleries within the heritage sector do. While there is a wealth of literature that discusses the significance of publicly funded heritage institutions to the heritage sector there is an absence of literature that explores the private collector’s relationship to the heritage sector from their perspective. Literature on private collectors has tended to privilege the perspectives of publicly funded heritage institutions, affirming these institutions as the best place for the care and access to heritage collections. None of this literature or research has considered the private collector’s perspective as a means to better understand their collecting activities or their position in relation to the heritage sector. This thesis places the private collector at the centre of enquiry. It explores the private collector’s position in relation to the heritage sector through examining their perceptions and collecting practices relative to publicly funded heritage institutions. Audiovisual interviews were conducted with eight private collectors to achieve this aim. Verbal and observational data captured through this method was analyzed and considered in relation to existing literature regarding the values and practices of public heritage institutions, as well as sociological theories of agency. Findings showed that there is a shared ethos between the private collector and the publicly funded heritage institution. This ethos is founded on common values and collecting practices. Findings also reveal that the individual agency of the private collector offers them autonomy in their collecting activities. This autonomy causes them to enact their collecting practices in accordance with their own subjective tastes. These tastes distinguish the private collector and their collecting practices from publicly funded heritage institutions and assist in identifying the private collector’s position in relation to the heritage sector. This research contributes to a canon of international and national research into private collectors and evaluative judgments regarding collecting. It enhances the publicly funded heritage institutions potential to collaborate with private collectors through providing a deeper understanding of their perspectives and practices.</p>

Private Tastes and Public Desires: Exploring the Perspectives and Practices of Private Collectors who Share their Collections Publicly

<p>Private collectors who share their collections publicly provide a valuable service to the public. They collect and provide access to cultural heritage materials just as public institutions such as museums and galleries within the heritage sector do. While there is a wealth of literature that discusses the significance of publicly funded heritage institutions to the heritage sector there is an absence of literature that explores the private collector’s relationship to the heritage sector from their perspective. Literature on private collectors has tended to privilege the perspectives of publicly funded heritage institutions, affirming these institutions as the best place for the care and access to heritage collections. None of this literature or research has considered the private collector’s perspective as a means to better understand their collecting activities or their position in relation to the heritage sector. This thesis places the private collector at the centre of enquiry. It explores the private collector’s position in relation to the heritage sector through examining their perceptions and collecting practices relative to publicly funded heritage institutions. Audiovisual interviews were conducted with eight private collectors to achieve this aim. Verbal and observational data captured through this method was analyzed and considered in relation to existing literature regarding the values and practices of public heritage institutions, as well as sociological theories of agency. Findings showed that there is a shared ethos between the private collector and the publicly funded heritage institution. This ethos is founded on common values and collecting practices. Findings also reveal that the individual agency of the private collector offers them autonomy in their collecting activities. This autonomy causes them to enact their collecting practices in accordance with their own subjective tastes. These tastes distinguish the private collector and their collecting practices from publicly funded heritage institutions and assist in identifying the private collector’s position in relation to the heritage sector. This research contributes to a canon of international and national research into private collectors and evaluative judgments regarding collecting. It enhances the publicly funded heritage institutions potential to collaborate with private collectors through providing a deeper understanding of their perspectives and practices.</p>

Private Tastes and Public Desires: Exploring the Perspectives and Practices of Private Collectors who Share their Collections Publicly

<p>Private collectors who share their collections publicly provide a valuable service to the public. They collect and provide access to cultural heritage materials just as public institutions such as museums and galleries within the heritage sector do. While there is a wealth of literature that discusses the significance of publicly funded heritage institutions to the heritage sector there is an absence of literature that explores the private collector’s relationship to the heritage sector from their perspective. Literature on private collectors has tended to privilege the perspectives of publicly funded heritage institutions, affirming these institutions as the best place for the care and access to heritage collections. None of this literature or research has considered the private collector’s perspective as a means to better understand their collecting activities or their position in relation to the heritage sector. This thesis places the private collector at the centre of enquiry. It explores the private collector’s position in relation to the heritage sector through examining their perceptions and collecting practices relative to publicly funded heritage institutions. Audiovisual interviews were conducted with eight private collectors to achieve this aim. Verbal and observational data captured through this method was analyzed and considered in relation to existing literature regarding the values and practices of public heritage institutions, as well as sociological theories of agency. Findings showed that there is a shared ethos between the private collector and the publicly funded heritage institution. This ethos is founded on common values and collecting practices. Findings also reveal that the individual agency of the private collector offers them autonomy in their collecting activities. This autonomy causes them to enact their collecting practices in accordance with their own subjective tastes. These tastes distinguish the private collector and their collecting practices from publicly funded heritage institutions and assist in identifying the private collector’s position in relation to the heritage sector. This research contributes to a canon of international and national research into private collectors and evaluative judgments regarding collecting. It enhances the publicly funded heritage institutions potential to collaborate with private collectors through providing a deeper understanding of their perspectives and practices.</p>

Private Tastes and Public Desires: Exploring the Perspectives and Practices of Private Collectors who Share their Collections Publicly

<p>Private collectors who share their collections publicly provide a valuable service to the public. They collect and provide access to cultural heritage materials just as public institutions such as museums and galleries within the heritage sector do. While there is a wealth of literature that discusses the significance of publicly funded heritage institutions to the heritage sector there is an absence of literature that explores the private collector’s relationship to the heritage sector from their perspective. Literature on private collectors has tended to privilege the perspectives of publicly funded heritage institutions, affirming these institutions as the best place for the care and access to heritage collections. None of this literature or research has considered the private collector’s perspective as a means to better understand their collecting activities or their position in relation to the heritage sector. This thesis places the private collector at the centre of enquiry. It explores the private collector’s position in relation to the heritage sector through examining their perceptions and collecting practices relative to publicly funded heritage institutions. Audiovisual interviews were conducted with eight private collectors to achieve this aim. Verbal and observational data captured through this method was analyzed and considered in relation to existing literature regarding the values and practices of public heritage institutions, as well as sociological theories of agency. Findings showed that there is a shared ethos between the private collector and the publicly funded heritage institution. This ethos is founded on common values and collecting practices. Findings also reveal that the individual agency of the private collector offers them autonomy in their collecting activities. This autonomy causes them to enact their collecting practices in accordance with their own subjective tastes. These tastes distinguish the private collector and their collecting practices from publicly funded heritage institutions and assist in identifying the private collector’s position in relation to the heritage sector. This research contributes to a canon of international and national research into private collectors and evaluative judgments regarding collecting. It enhances the publicly funded heritage institutions potential to collaborate with private collectors through providing a deeper understanding of their perspectives and practices.</p>

Does the Order of Visiting Destinations Affect Their Recall and Evaluation?

Tourists frequently engage in visiting a sequence of cities, sites, and destinations. Previous psychology studies have shown the impact of order on recall and favorability; key concepts are the serial position effect and primacy and recency influences. A field-based natural experiment collected posttrip responses from 179 international tourists to four major Iranian cities. The researchers examined the relationships between the order of visiting the cities, tourists’ recall and judgment. Results from the manipulations revealed there is a relationship (mainly Primacy) between position in the itinerary and their recall. For evaluative judgments, both primacy and recency effects were linked to order of visiting. The work has implications for the presentations of tourism units in a sequence and sharpens the way we use the expression memorable in tourism research.

Paralinguistic Features Communicated through Voice can Affect Appraisals of Confidence and Evaluative Judgments

This article unpacks the basic mechanisms by which paralinguistic features communicated through the voice can affect evaluative judgments and persuasion. Special emphasis is placed on exploring the rapidly emerging literature on vocal features linked to appraisals of confidence (e.g., vocal pitch, intonation, speech rate, loudness, etc.), and their subsequent impact on information processing and meta-cognitive processes of attitude change. The main goal of this review is to advance understanding of the different psychological processes by which paralinguistic markers of confidence can affect attitude change, specifying the conditions under which they are more likely to operate. In sum, we highlight the importance of considering basic mechanisms of attitude change to predict when and why appraisals of paralinguistic markers of confidence can lead to more or less persuasion.

The role of working memory capacity in evaluative judgments of liking and beauty

Judgments of liking and beauty appear to be expressions of a common hedonic state, but they differ in how they engage cognitive processes. We hypothesized that beauty judgments place greater demands on limited executive resources than judgments of liking. We tested this hypothesis by asking two groups of participants to judge works of visual art for their beauty or liking while having to remember the location of 1, 3, or 5 dots in a 4 by 4 matrix. We also examined the effect of individual differences in working memory capacity. Our results show that holding information about the location of the dots in working memory delayed judgments of beauty but not of liking. Also, the greater participants’ working memory capacity, the faster they completed the working memory task when judging liking, but not when judging beauty. Our study provides evidence that judging beauty draws more on working memory resources than judging liking.

Local Records Management Documentation as a Source for Studying Local Government Measures for Organization of Reception and Accommodation of Ukrainian Resettlers from Poland on the Territory of Donetsk Region in 1945-1946

The purpose of the article is to identify the informative potential of the records of local authorities to highlight the main stages of settlement and the difficulties encountered by migrants during the adaptation in the areas of Donetsk region. The methodology of the research is based on a combination of general scientific (synthetic, analytical, logical), special-historical (chronological, historical-comparative), source-based (critical analysis) methods. The scientific novelty of the work is that the author for the first time revealed the informative capabilities of records management documents at the local level in studying the mechanism of implementation of state tasks in the organization of reception and accommodation of Ukrainians from Zakerzon and Donetsk region in the postwar period by local authorities. Some of the documents analyzed by the author are introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. Conclusions. Local record management documentation has significant information potential in studying the degree of implementation of measures to organize the accommodation, the course of the settlement of resettlers in the Donetsk region and the difficulties of the adaptation period. It contains a lot of detailed information, rich in facts, names and statistics, which can significantly supplement the source base of further research. The record management documents of the district authorities, whose representatives contacted the resettlers during the inspections of the condition of the resettlers' households, together with the statement of facts, contain evaluative judgments and elements of emotionality. The documents of the district authorities, whose representatives contacted the resettlers during the inspections of the condition of the resettlement farms, together with the statement of facts, contain evaluative judgments and elements of emotionality. In record management materials at the region level, party and Soviet officials often criticized district workers for underestimating the political significance of the issue of resettlement and adaptation of resettlers. The ideological attitudes of the ruling top of the Communist Party had a significant influence on the formation of their assessments. Most of the decisions of the Regional Committee of the CP(b)U were adopted jointly with the executive committee of the regional council of workers' deputies.