An Ontology Based Approach for Regulatory Compliance of EU Reg. No 995/2010 in Greece

Illegal logging has always been considered as a major environmental and social global concern, as it is directly associated with deforestation and climate change. Nowadays, EU Regulation No 995/2010 has been successfully enforced to impede the placement of illegally produced timber within the EU market and therefore to efficiently enhance sustainable forest management and restore ecosystem balance. However, EU 995 regulatory compliance and enforcement itself is quite complex, since it requires long-term conformity, on a common basis for various heterogeneous groups and communities of stakeholders, in a global, even beyond EU, rule regulation framework. To make things worse, such a framework must be applied to the entire supply distribution chain and a wide variety of wood products, ranging from paper pulp to solid wood and flooring. Hence, in such complex and multivariate information environments, an ontological approach can more efficiently support regulatory compliance and knowledge management, due to its openness and richness of semantics for representing, analyzing, interpreting and managing such kind of information. In this paper, a rule-based regulatory compliance ontology is proposed, which fully captures EU Regulation No 995/2010 concepts and compliance rules and guidelines, as well as Greek legislations governing wood trade. The proposed ontology can be the basis for a computerized system providing automated support for illegal wood trade and monitoring EU regulation information provision and audit information storage and analysis.

Problem z aktywnym poszukiwaniem w internecie treści o charakterze terrorystycznym. Uwagi na tle unijnego rozporządzenia

The new EU regulation is aimed at fighting terroristic content online. Of particular importance are its provisions on special measures and assessment thereof in the light of the directive’s provisions on hosting providers’ liability for online content. EC’s radical proposals in this respect raised serious doubts in the legislation procedure. The European Parliament and the Council intended to ensure the compliance of a regulation blueprint with the directive 2000/31/WE, therefore they proposed a variety of amendments to provisions on special measures. It is, however, doubtful that these guarantee a full coherence with the regime of hosting providers’ liability. In order to tackle terroristic content effectively, it is necessary to transform the existing regime of hosting providers’ liability that was established in the directive almost 20 years ago and does not respond to problems that we currently face.

Protection of Personal Data in the Catholic Church in the Light of the EU Regulation No. 2016/67

The article deals with the issues of personal data protection in the Catholic Church in Poland. It presents to what extent the Catholic Church is obliged to apply Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of April 27, 2016 on the protection of personal data and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Directive 95/46/EC and what are its requirements to its internal regulations. Reference was also made to the content of the Decree of the Polish Episcopate on the protection of personal data of March 13, 2018.

NUTRI SCORE: PROŠIRENO OZNAČAVANjENUTRITIVNE VREDNOSTI HRANE

EU Regulation no. 1169/2011 contains rules for informing consumers, thus giving them access to basic information, such as a declaration of the nutritional value of the product or a list of ingredients. In order to facilitate the understanding of this information, other forms of expression and presentation or voluntary information may be provided, in addition to the mandatory nutrition declaration in accordance with Articles 35 to 37 of this Regulation. In that sense, the French Ministry of Health has created the „Nutri Score“ label. „Nutri Score“ is a system for marking the nutritional profile of food on the front of the packaging with the letters and colors of traffic lights. Although this logo has been used for years in some EU member states, such as France, Belgium and Spain, the preconditions for the legal use of this model of nutrition labeling were first created in Germany with the adoption of the Regulation on Amendments to Food Information. The paper will first provide an overview of the functioning of the „Nutri Score“ label. In the continuation of the paper, the author will deal with various legal issues - especially the issues of application of trademarks and regulations on fair trade.

Sewage Sludge as N-Fertilizers for Crop Production Enabling the Circular Bioeconomy in Agriculture: A Challenge for the New EU Regulation 1009/2019

The fertilizer framework in the European Union has recently been reviewed by EU Regulation 1009/2019 that excluded sewage sludge from the list of the possible constituents of organic fertilizers relying on their origin, not on their quality. This paper aimed to carry out a complete characterization of sewage sludge obtained from a pharmaceutical manufacturing process (PDSS) to demonstrate that sewage sludge obtained from a standardized and controlled manufacturing process can be safely recycled as organic fertilizer. The agronomic and environmental characteristics of the PDSS product were analyzed and compared to other organic fertilizers. Its fertilizing potential was also evaluated through plant growth trials. PDSS was characterized by a high concentration of total N (6.6% w/w), which was all present in organic form. PDSS also showed a low concentration of heavy metals, an absence of pathogens and low concentrations of organic contaminants. Plant growth trials showed that the PDSS was able to improve lettuce and carrot growth (+25 and +46% of dry weight compared to the unfertilized control), as well as their physiological status. Considering all the results, the exclusion of sewage sludge relying only on its origin and not on its quality appears to conflict with the principles of the circular bioeconomy.

Formal modelling of the electricity markets: the example of the load reduction of electricity mechanism “NEBEF”

The liberalisation of the electricity market initiated at the beginning of the 21st century has opened it to new parties. To ensure the growth of participants’ number will support the system’s balance, the EU regulation 2019/943 confirms that “all market participants should be financially responsible of the imbalances they cause”. In their respective area, the transmission system operators develops the regulation in compliance with this condition. However, as the regulation takes into account the new realities of the market such as renewables, the interactions between the participants become more complex. One of the risks is that the imbalance of an actor may not be due to its own actions, not complying with the EU regulation then. To analyse this kind of implicit condition, we propose a formal approach to model the exchanges of energy. Using the French regulation as a base, we model the participants and their interactions in the form of symbolic equations using the energy-related terms as variables. In this paper, to illustrate the model we will use to analyse the entire electricity market, we apply it to the NEBEF mechanism only. This mechanism is dedicated to the selling of demand response in France and introduces a third party between the final producer and the final consumer: the demand response operator. We model the mechanism and analyse how the mechanism complies with the balancing responsibility. Our results demonstrate that the mechanism complies with the regulation but there are some limits due to the calculation method of the reference consumption.

Registration of Novel Parasiticides under the New 2022 EU Regulation

Twenty-one years after Directive 2001/82/EC regulating veterinary medicinal products (VMPs) came into force, a new veterinary regulation will apply from 28 January 2022. Future applicants will have to follow the requirements of Regulation (EU) 2019/6. This regulation defines different products, non-biologicals (equivalent to formerly defined pharmaceuticals), and biological products. Biological VMPs belong either to the new class, non-immunological VMPs or immunologicals, including those known as vaccines. This new regulation also defines novel therapies covering innovative medicinal therapeutic approaches. Antiparasitic products will always be VMPs, and additional requirements for environmental safety and potential risks for the development of resistance are enforced.

Retrieving Historical Cases of Aujeszky’s Disease in Sicily (Italy): Report of a Natural Outbreak Affecting Sheep, Goats, Dogs, Cats and Foxes and Considerations on Critical Issues and Perspectives in Light of the Recent EU Regulation 429/2016

Aujeszky’s disease is caused by Suid alphaherpesvirus 1, and its main reservoir host is the pig. However, other species are also susceptible. Infection with this virus causes a severe neurological clinical picture named Aujeszky’s disease, usually accompanied by itching and death a few days after the onset of symptoms. This study reports a multi-species outbreak of Aujeszky’s disease that occurred in Sicily, which led to the death of 2 goats, 15 sheep, 2 dogs, 2 cats and 2 foxes. The diagnosis was made by culture, indirect immunofluorescence on brain samples and confirmed by biological test on rabbits. This study reports the first cases of Aujeszky’s disease in Italy in cats, goat and sheep. The finding of Aujeszky’s disease in several species in Sicily suggests a potential epizootic risk. In such areas where a multi-host system is recognised, an analysis of the risk factors should be carried out in order to develop targeted strategies for the control and eradication of the disease. The critical issues that hinder the control of Aujeszky’s disease in the studied territory and perspectives for eradication in the light of EU regulation 429/2016 are also discussed.

Beyond MT metrics in specialised translation: Automated and manual evaluation of machine translation output for freelance translators and small LSPs in the context of EU documents

This paper discusses simplified methods of translation evaluation in two seemingly disparate areas: machine translation (MT) technology and translation for EU institutions. It provides a brief overview of methods for evaluating MT output and proposes simplified solutions for small LSPs and freelancers dealing with specialised translation of this kind. After discussing the context of the study and the process of machine translation, an analysis of fragments of the selected specialist text (an EU regulation) is carried out. The official English and Polish versions of this document provide the basis for a comparative evaluation of raw machine translation output obtained with selected commercially available (paid) neural machine translation engines (NMT). Quantitative analysis, including the Damerau-Levenshstein edit distance parameters and the number of erroneous segments in the text, combined with a manual qualitative analysis of errors and terminology can be a serviceable method for small LSPs and freelance translators to evaluate the usefulness of neural machine translation engines.

Technologia i parametry techniczne pracy instalacji przemysłowej do produkcji plastyfikatora TDAE

Crude oil is and will continue to be in the near future the basic natural economic resource in the world. The use of products derived from crude oil is the driving force of the economy in every country. Many products, semi-finished products, and raw materials are obtained from the processing of crude oil and used in many industries, including the petrochemical industry. Petroleum plasticisers play an important role in this area of the country’s economy as a softening additive in the vulcanisation of rubbers, especially synthetic styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), and as a component of rubber compounds in their production and vulcanisation. The development of petroleum plasticisers for the rubber industry is determined by many documents and laws, as well as a number of requirements resulting from the nature of the production and operating conditions of rubber products. In particular, they must: • have the chemical composition required for a given combination and have appropriate physicochemical properties, • exhibit compatibility with the selected rubber, • demonstrate low volatility during the processes of rubber production, rubber compound production, and vulcanisation, and • not show any toxic effects. Petroleum plasticisers used in rubber compositions (SBR) are also called filler oils, which consist of hydrocarbon particles containing from 25 to 35 carbon atoms and are divided into aromatic, naphthenic, and paraffinic types depending on the proportion of carbons in the structures the aromatic, naphthenic and paraffin. An important role in the experimental research of this dissertation is played by highly aromatic plasticisers, a by-product of refining solvents of vacuum distillates from crude oil in the production of base oils, which have gained a lot of significance in the production of car tyres. DAE highly aromatic plasticisers have the highest content of aromatic hydrocarbons and the associated high content of polycyclic aromatic compounds and benzo[a]pyrene. The European Union’s introduction of EU Directive 76/769/EEC and Regulation 1907/2006 was aimed at reducing the content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in tyres, which led to the oil industry’s production of petroleum plastics with low PAH content using various production processes to meet the needs of the global tyre industry. After DAE plasticisers were banned due to their mutagenic and carcinogenic activity, the global plasticisers market in 2010 created the REACH system in the European Union. Caused the adoption by the European Parliament and the Council on December 18, 2006, Regulation No. 1907/2006 in on registration, evaluation, authorization and related restrictions on chemicals, introducing provision 27 to Directive 76/769/EEC of the amendment to prohibit the use of highly aromatic extracts exceeding the limit for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon content. The experimental part contains the results of research on the development and industrial-scale implementation of TDAE plasticiser production technology that meets the requirements for carcinogenicity and mutagenicity. An important stage of experimental research is the technological industrial trials concerning the TDAE plasticiser tests carried out on the Furfurol installation in the production plant of ORLEN OIL Sp. z.o.o. in Płock, Poland. The main justification of the purpose and theses of the work are the investigations of selective solvent refining of heavy extracts in terms of the production of TDAE aromatic plasticisers meeting the requirements of EU Regulation 1907/2006. As a result of the work, it is possible to introduce into the production cycle, in addition to the base oils, a TDAE plasticiser with the trade name Elasticol, on the oil block of PKN ORLEN S.A. Another important element of the experimental research is the use of a solvent dewaxing process to obtain various TDAE plasticisers. The process of solvent dewaxing with various solvents allowed for the development of production technology of a modified TDAE plasticiser that meets the quality requirements of EU Regulation 1907/2006 with the potential for improving its low-temperature properties. In addition, the author has registered this technology in the Patent Office under the common title, Manufacture of a modified TDAE plasticiser intended for the production of caoutchouc and rubber, especially car tyres. Due to the broad knowledge of the interdisciplinary, extensive scope of the work, its conclusions were grouped into general, detailed, methodological, and perspective.