A Lie Is a Lie: The Ethics of Lying in Business Negotiations

I argue that lying in business negotiations is pro tanto wrong and no less wrong than lying in other contexts. First, I assert that lying in general is pro tanto wrong. Then, I examine and refute five arguments to the effect that lying in a business context is less wrong than lying in other contexts. The common thought behind these arguments—based on consent, self-defence, the “greater good,” fiduciary duty, and practicality—is that the particular circumstances which are characteristic of business negotiations are such that the wrongness of lying is either mitigated or eliminated completely. I argue that all these “special exemption” arguments fail. I conclude that, in the absence of a credible argument to the contrary, the same moral constraints must apply to lying in business negotiations as apply to lying in other contexts. Furthermore, I show that for the negotiator, there are real practical benefits from not lying.

Fundamentals of business planning of agricultural enterprises

In world practice, a business plan has long become a generally accepted way of providing commercial information and the basis for business negotiations. With the development of market relations and the expansion of international economic relations, business planning becomes one of the important elements of ensuring the competitiveness and successful production and financial activities of an enterprise. On the basis of the business plan, the calculation of the economic efficiency of business ideas and investment decisions, the assessment of the commercial feasibility of investing in their implementation is carried out. A well thought out business plan can be a key step in building a successful and sustainable agricultural enterprise. Business plans, as objects that reflect the characteristics of the field of activity, must be developed not in a template, but based, first of all, on the intended purpose. In this case, the number of sections is regulated. It is one thing when a business plan is developed with the aim of introducing a highly effective innovation, and quite another when it is created for the financial recovery of an organization. A business plan is a document that defines the future goals of a business and a strategy for achieving them. Description can take two forms: narrative and financial. A business plan includes the following documents: resume, business introduction, market analysis, competitor analysis, products and services, marketing and sales strategies, organizational structure, and financial projections. Thus, a business plan is an invaluable tool that helps a grower to be on track to achieve the goals of an agricultural business. Regardless of whether you are a cattle farmer, raising products or processing, it is an agricultural business.

Cultural Differences in Interaction Goals between Malaysia-China Business Negotiations

As the world is getting more globalized due to digital world, cross-cultural business negotiation is getting more in demand and challenging compared to those days where most business involved mostly in domestic business negotiations. With such situations and environments, cultural intelligence is important to be learned. As many Chinese and Malaysian companies seeking the role as importer-exporter, international business negotiation skills and cultural awareness are much needed skills to meet the interaction goals of both parties. A lack of cultural awareness will lead to miscommunication and rejection from the other party during negotiations. The participants in this studies involve Chinese and Malaysians who are involved in real negotiation world. This paper used GLOBE model to compare the cultural dimensions between Malaysians and Chinese business negotiators. Questionnaires were sent by emails and through WeChat Apps to the participants who are based in China and Malaysia. Based on analysis, we found that between Chinese and Malaysian business negotiators, cultural norms influence the interaction goals between the two groups. As to the future research, we suggest that future research be directed towards developing theories and also focus on the application of GLOBE model in different research fields across different cultures, such as halal business management, digital marketing and business entrepreneurship. This study has contributed in enriching the knowledge on international business negotiations between Malaysia and China business literature context. On practical implication, this study has strengthen the negotiators’ knowledge on cultural norms of both Malaysians and Chinese in order to build better relationships with their business partners

Research on the differences and Countermeasures of Sino U.S. economic and trade negotiations

In the modern business environment of the highly globalized economy, the frequency of Chinese and American businessmen meeting in bargaining of various scales has greatly increased. There are huge differences between China and the United States in business negotiations alone. These differences are partly due to cultural factors left over by history and partly based on their respective development history. We can not simply divide differences into good or bad, but can only be called whether they fit with another negotiation style. Our main focus is to find the most consistent point between the two countries in business negotiations and expand it. However, it is extremely difficult for an individual or a country to change its inherent habits. Therefore, as an objective analyst, the outsiders cannot criticize excessively, finding the most effective way to conclude the negotiation peacefully. The win-win situation for the two influential powers means that the two countries can jointly create more opportunities in the political and economic fields in the future. Consistently, no matter what means are used, they must be carried out on the premise of equality.

Performance of arithmetical operations on mobile gadgets using axioms of classical and nonstandard interval analysis

We propose a programming system for calculation of economical standards of regulating banking activity by means of Euclidian and interval arithmetic using mobile gadgets. The program was created by means of Microsoft Visual Studio 2017 Express for Windows Phone using C#. The feature of this programming system is the possibility to be used anywhere: during business negotiations, in the absence of PCs and WiFi, etc. For its application, one needs a smartphone with Android operation system. The smartphone needs to have a capacitive screen with multi-touch input with the possibility of more than four touches at once. The size of the screen can vary, but the resolution must be 480*480 pixels. During the progress, the system calculates the indicators of banking activity approved by National bank of Ukraine. Using of the interval arithmetic gives the possibility to analyse the financial status of the bank under any conditions. The comparison of the results of arithmetical operations by using the axioms of classical and nonstandard interval analysis was carried out. The criterion of the efficiency is the value of the relative change of the final interval of the calculations that were carried out using the axioms of the nonstandard interval analysis related to the same calculations that were carried out using the axioms of the classical interval analysis. For efficiency comparison we choose standard indicators that define the financial safety of the bank. The results of the calculations show that the intervals defined according to the rules of the nonstandard interval mathematics have the size of the interval 12-90% less than the intervals calculated according to the rules of the classical interval mathematics.

KNOWLEDGE OF MEDIATION IN INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS TRAINING

The report outlines the peculiarities of international business in modern conditions such as the complexity and long-term nature of the relationship and substantiates the role of mediation in overcoming conflicts in them. The vision is expressed for opportunities for expanding the scope of mediation by introducing methods specific to it in conducting business negotiations. The need to include knowledge about mediation in international business education is substantiated.

KNOWLEDGE OF MEDIATION IN INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS TRAINING

The report outlines the peculiarities of international business in modern conditions such as the complexity and long-term nature of the relationship and substantiates the role of mediation in overcoming conflicts in them. The vision is expressed for opportunities for expanding the scope of mediation by introducing methods specific to it in conducting business negotiations. The need to include knowledge about mediation in international business education is substantiated.