private associations
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2021 ◽  
pp. 197-220
Author(s):  
Mario C. D. Paganini

This chapter moves its attention to the activities performed on the premises of the gymnasia of Egypt, in order to get a sense of the institution’s daily life, which represented the result of a common feeling of shared traditions by its members and contributed to the perpetuation of such feeling. Attention is devoted to the physical activities performed in the gymnasia, including games and athletic contests, as well as to the religious events which the gymnasium’s members set up. The gymnasium was the favourite setting for athletic training and for other cultural endeavours, aimed at intellectual entertainment, display of cultural prowess, competition, socializing, bonding, and networking; the gymnasium was not a place devoted to education proper. A short excursus provides an overview of athletics in Egypt. The final section of the chapter focuses on the presence, character, and role of private associations housed in gymnasia.


2021 ◽  

Private associations abounded in the ancient Greek world and beyond, and this volume provides the first large-scale study of the strategies of governance which they employed. Emphasis is placed on the values fostered by the regulations of associations, the complexities of the private-public divide (and that divide's impact on polis institutions) and the dynamics of regional and global networks and group identity. The attested links between rules and religious sanctions also illuminate the relationship between legal history and religion. Moreover, possible links between ancient associations and the early Christian churches will prove particularly valuable for scholars of the New Testament. The book concludes by using the regulations of associations to explore a novel and revealing aspect of the interaction between the Mediterranean world, India and China.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maira Abrar ◽  
Shehla Jabeen ◽  
sohail Abbas

Abstract Islamic banking is the most rising component in the economy for reasonable advancement of Pakistan tributary yet. Despite what might be expected, real impediments that interfere with the developments in Islamic money keeping are client information, political help, and advancement. The Islamic banking and money related segments proceed to develop, and ways incorporates the necessity to make new products. It isn't generally the absence of venture substitutes that urge associations to propose organized items. The examination incorporated the specimen of 100 individuals. Stratified-arbitrary testing method is utilized to deal with both public and private associations workers. A measurable tool named SPSS was utilized to separate the outcome which demonstrates that effect of customer knowledge, political support, and innovative advancement in development of Islamic money keep that might be conclusive. The reasonable advancement has three parts satisfaction incorporated the social equity, monetary soundness, and ecological trustworthiness by development of Islamic banking. It is inferred that Islamic bank could be worldview phenomenon in making the credit. However, national bank should make the product which can viably upgrade Islamic Banking. There is a strong microeconomics ground of Islamic financing for the economy wide conduct of good monetary issues and issues including the procedure structure. Islamic bank clients limit the dangers related with premium based obligation financing, and simple credit, which tormented regular banks amid the sub-prime home loan emergency. Conclusively, general monetary development of Islamic banking in Muslim nations will drive development of Islamic money related administrations, prompting further in Sharia-consistent system.


2021 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-97
Author(s):  
Kevin Slack

AbstractWhile much has been written on Benjamin Franklin's view of religion, less has been written on his Christian theology. This article first situates Franklin as an important figure in the religious Enlightenment, connecting his own view of philosophy to his teachings on Christian revelation. Providing historical context on the subscription debates, it then gives a comprehensive treatment of Franklin's Christian theology in the 1735 Hemphill affair. New scholarship on Franklin's transatlantic sources confirms that, far from attempting to undermine Christianity, he appealed to popular European writers in an attempt to bend it to reasonable ends. Moreover, Franklin's own views on church polity and liturgy developed over time. As he rose from a middling artisan to political power, he saw both the need for religious appeals and the threat that competing sects posed to political unity. His focus shifted from religious freedoms in private associations to institutionalizing elements of Christian teachings in education, charity, commerce, and defense. His experiences with rigid Presbyterian orthodoxy and chaotic New Light enthusiasm also awakened him to the need for more reasonable forms of worship, and he set to the task of experimenting with Christian liturgies to achieve both the tranquility of parishioners’ minds and social unity.


Author(s):  
Sándor Békési ◽  
Elke Doppler

The Vienna Woods. The Big City and its Complementary Landscape. The Vienna Woods are on the one hand a region in the geographical sense, as the eastern foothills of the Alps, while on the other hand they are an imagined space, an ideal construct in interaction with the city of Vienna. In this paper, we examine under which conditions and in which way the Vienna Woods emerged as a landscape, as a culturally transformed and symbolically charged space. This shows that the aesthetic revaluation of the Vienna Woods area began around 1800, and that several symbolic connotations that have survived to this day were already established in the Biedermeier period. But the term “Wienerwald” did not establish itself until the middle of the 19th century, and underwent further political ideologization around 1900. Tourism, art and literature play a central role in this collective process of appropriation, as do political institutions and private associations. Overall, a complementary relationship between the region and the metropolis can be assumed.


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