Influence of different preparation techniques on the composition and antioxidant action of curcumin and curcuminoids

Epidemiological evidence indicates that plant antioxidants activity can treat or help to prevent the development of various diseases. One species with great potential as an antioxidant is Curcuma longa. However, different extraction techniques can influence isolated chemical compounds. This study investigated chemical composition and antioxidant activity of two rhizome extracts of C. longa: hydroethanolic, obtained by exhaustion (HECLex); and dried by a spray dryer (HECLsd). The phytochemical composition was evaluated by GC/MS. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using DPPH and FRAP assays. Total phenolic compounds and soil analyses were performed. The main components of HECLex were ar-turmerone, γ-curcumene, α-turmerone, and β-sesquiphellandrene. The main components of HECLsd were 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid, 2,3-bis([trimethylsilyl]oxy)propyl ester, verrucarol, and 1-monolinoleoylglycerol trimethylsilyl ether. HECLsd had significantly higher levels of phenolic compounds and higher antioxidant capacity compared with HECLex. In conclusion, processes of the preparation of C. longa rhizomes alter the chemical components and consequently their biological activity.

Impact of Storage Controlled Atmosphere on the Apple Phenolic Acids, Flavonoids, and Anthocyanins and Antioxidant Activity In Vitro

Apples are seasonal fruits, and it is important to prepare them adequately for storage and ensure proper storage conditions. In this study, we used ten different apple cultivars: ‘Alva’, ‘Auksis’, ‘Connell Red’, ‘Cortland’, ‘Ligol’, ‘Lodel’, ‘Noris’, ‘Rubin’, ‘Sampion’, and ‘Spartan’. We studied the qualitative and quantitative composition of phenolic compounds in the apple and apple extracts antioxidants activity before placing them in the controlled atmosphere chambers and again at the end of the experiment, eight months later. Different concentrations of O2, CO2, and N2, constant temperature, relative humidity, and removal of endogenous ethylene were continually maintained. HPLC analysis showed that the highest amount of 2265.7 ± 152.5 µg/g of chlorogenic acid was found in apple samples of the ‘Auksis’ cultivar stored under variant IV conditions. Different concentrations of gas in the controlled atmosphere chambers caused changes in antioxidant activity in whole apple and apple peel extracts. In our study, we found that the antioxidant activity of apple extracts varied between samples of different apple cultivars and depended on the composition of the controlled atmosphere. Determining the optimal storage conditions is beneficial to providing the consumers with apples that have a known and minimally altered chemical composition of phenolic compounds and the strongest antioxidant activity, which determine the use of apples in the healthy food chain.

Influence of Endophytic Bacterium, Cellulosimicrobium sp. FRR2 on Plant Growth of Amaranthus campestris L. and Bacterial Survival at Adverse Environmental Conditions

The endophytic microorganisms are believed to be an important bio-resource for modern agriculture because of their beneficial effects on plant growth promotion, biocontrol, stress tolerance, and diseases resistance. This study was focused to know the beneficial effect of endophytic bacterium (FRR2) isolated from the roots of Ficus religiosa L. on Amaranthus campestris L. and their tolerance ability against salinity and heavy metals. The strain FRR2 was recognized as Cellulosimicrobium sp. by 16s rRNA sequencing and phylogenetic study. The bacterial isolate FRR2 showed salt (at 150 mM NaCl) and metal (at 150 µM CuSO4 and 100 µM ZnSO4) tolerance ability and significantly higher growth rate of Amaranthus campestris in a green leafy vegetable might be due to the nitrogen fixation, indole acetic acid production, amylase and protease activities. In addition, the endophyte FRR2 application slightly increased the antioxidants activity than their controls. The results of this study revealed that Cellulosimicrobium sp. strain FRR2 would be an effective endophyte to increase the growth of green leafy vegetables.

Review on Methods Used to Determine Antioxidant Activity of Origanum majorana

Background: Presence of free radicals in human body are harmful and cell systems are induce many diseases like cardiovascular, diabetes, cancer, inflammation, neuro-degenerative disorder, atherosclerosis, cataract, etc. Antioxidants can balance the effect of free radicals. Antioxidant-rich herbs are identified for preparation of drugs that can be administered to neutralize the free radicals. In the present context the selected medicinal plant is “Origanum majorana” (Family- Lamiaceae) widely known as Marwa in India sub-continent. As the medical professionals show their desires towards composite or lateral treatment, application of drugs with herbal origin gained its importance. Objective: This review presented various in vitro and in vivo methods used in the antioxidant activity study of O.majorana and observed its efficacy to reduce oxidative stress. Methods: Referred many reliable sources like Research gate, PubMed, Science Direct, Google scholar, Wiley online library, books to collect all information about the antioxidant activity of the selected plant. Results: Used several methods to determine the antioxidants activity of O.majorana, such as superoxide radical scavenging, ferric ion reducing antioxidant potency, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, hydrogen peroxide scavenging, hydroxyl radical scavenging, lipid peroxidation inhibition, etc. The selected plant contains many phytoconstituents such as gallic acid, ferulic acid, apigenin, catechin, rutin, quercetin, luteolin, linolenic acid, β-sitosterol, and essential oils, which may be responsible for antioxidant activity. Conclusions : The review article provides information for investigating and developing new antioxidant methods and major phytoconstituents from O.majorana for better therapy of oxidative stress-mediated complications.

Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Etanol Temu Blenyeh (Curcuma Purpurascens Blumae) Dengan Metode Dpph (1,1 Diphenyl-2-Picrylhydrazyl)

ABSTRACTAntioxidants have a function to scavenge and neutralize oxidation effect caused by free radicals by preventing the formation of radicals. Temu blenyeh (Curcuma purpurascens Bl) is one of the curcuma species which is still under-researched. Traditionally, temu blenyeh is used to treat stomachache, cough, itch, and skin infection. Some studies show that temu blenyeh extract had antioxidants activity and anti-cancer. The extract contains flavonoid, terpenoid, steroid, triterpenoid, essential oil. The study aimed to determine antioxidant activity of ethanol extract of temu blenyeh using DPPH method. Temu blenyeh was extracted by maceration with 96% ethanol solvent. The antioxidants activity test described that the value of IC50 was 48.697 ppm. Keywords: Temu blenyeh, DPPH, antioxidants Abstrak Antioksidan berfungsi untuk menangkal dan menetralisasi efek oksidasi yang disebabkan radikal bebas dengan cara mencegah terbentuknya radikal. Temu blenyeh (Curcuma purpurascens Bl) salah satu spesies curcuma yang masih sedikit diteliti. Temu blenyeh secara tradisional digunakan untuk mengobati sakit perut, batuk, gatal, dan infeksi kulit. Beberapa penelitian membuktikan bahwa ekstrak rimpang temu blenyeh memiliki aktivitas antioksidan dan anti kanker. Temu blenyeh mengandung flavonoid, terpenoid, steroid, triterpenoid dan minyak esensial. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui adanya aktivitas antioksidan pada ekstrak etanol temu blenyeh menggunakan metode DPPH. Temu blenyeh diekstraksi dengan metode maserasi menggunakan pelarut etanol 96%. Dalam penelitian uji aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak etanol temu blenyeh menunjukkan hasil nilai IC50 sebesar 48,697 ppm. Kata kunci : Temu blenyeh; DPPH; Antioksidan

Total Phenolic Content (TPC), Total Flavonoid Content (TFC) and Antioxidants Activity of Marine Sponge Stylissa flabelliformis Ethanol Extract

Marine sponge Stylissa flabelliformis is a marine sponge species that is widely found in Indonesia. Marine sponges have been proven to have pharmacological activities including wound healing, cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activity. All these activities are related to its antioxidant potential. Antioxidants are important for human health due to its ability to protect cell damage caused by free radicals. The aim of this research was to study the antioxidant activity of marine sponge (Stylissa flabelliformis) and to observe the phytochemical compound of the marine sponge such as the phenolic and flavonoid content. Extraction was performed using cold maceration with 96% ethanol solvent and continued by rotary evaporator to get the concentrated extract. Antioxidants activity was analysed using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) method, which examines the inhibitory concentration (IC50) of the ethanol extract. Total phenolic content (TPC) was examined using Gallic acid as the standard, while total flavonoid content (TFC) was examined using quercetin as the standard. The result showed a concentration-dependent antiradical activity by reduction of DPPH with an IC50 value 2000 µg/mL. Total phenolic content was 152,67 mg GAE/g, while the total flavonoid content was 155,79 mg QE/g.

Exogenous Application of Ascorbic Acid Enhances the Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Potential of Ocimum sanctum L. Grown under Salt Stress

Ocimum sanctum L. (Tulsi) is the most important medicinal plant that has antimicrobial, antioxidants, and anticarcinogenic effects on human health. Plants, when under stress, gather several antioxidants and osmoprotectants. The present work focuses on the abiotic stress response of Tulsi and its mitigation by the application of ascorbic acid. In addition to this, an enhancement of antioxidant and antimicrobial activity was also analyzed using ascorbic acid. During the present work, when plants were grown under NaCl stress and ascorbic acid (AA) was provided with foliar applications, it ascertained encouraging effects on growth; likewise, its effect remains stable under salinity stress. The enzymatic antioxidants activity showed a significant change in response to AA alone or in combination. The highest catalase activity was recorded in plants subjected to 0.5 mM AA in combination with 100 mM NaCl (0.65 units/mL of enzyme). Likewise, a similar trend was recorded for the superoxide dismutase activity of Tulsi plants. The highest activity of SOD was recorded in plants subjected to 0.5 mM AA in combination with 100 mM NaCl (66.1 units/mg of protein). Flavonoid content showed its highest amount (27.41 mg/g) when plants were treated with 0.5 mM AA + 100 mM NaCl while the highest phenolic content (1.88 mg/g) was analyzed in salt treated plants sprayed with 0.5 mM AA. In the case of antimicrobial activity, 0.5 mM AA treated plants gave the highest value for the Staphylococcus aureus as 2.15 cm and in Clostridium species was 2.1 cm in the plants treated with 1 mM AA alone. Hence, the findings of the present study may lead to the conclusion that AA has a significant role in defense mechanisms of plants in response to salt stress. Further, it enhances the antimicrobial and antioxidant potential of Tulsi plants grown under salt stress.

Histopathological and Hormonal Evaluation of Interaction effects of Ethidium Bromide, Nigella sativa, and Silver Nanoparticle on Male Rat Fertility

Background: Food and water that contained metals and chemicals, contaminated air, extensively used of medicinal substances and cosmetic materials can induce infertility in several ways, and therefore increased numbers of couples not conceive globally. Aim: Investigation the toxic impact of ethidium bromide (EB) on testicular function and the therapeutic role of Nigella sativa (NS) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Materials and methods: A total of 50 male Wistar rats were assigned randomly into five equal groups; control (C) negative and four experimental which respectively received EB only, EB and NS, EB and AgNPs, and EB, NS, and AgNPs for 30 days. Post-experimental period, blood and testicular tissues were collected to determine the antioxidant activity, fertility hormones level, sperm quality and quantity, and histological structure of the testis. Results: In comparison to control, EB group exhibited significant reduction (P<0.05) in antioxidants (catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione perioxidase (GPX)), sperm parameters (quantity, morphology, viability and motility), fertility hormones (FSL, LH, and testosterone), and clear histological defects (atrophy in seminiferous tubules, spermatozoa and spermatogonia apoptosis, vacuolization, congestion and thrombus in seminiferous tubules septum, and leydig cells degeneration). However, all these negative effects were significantly reversed in response to supplement of NS, AgNPs, and mixed of them. These including modulate antioxidants activity, sperm’s quantity and quality, fertility hormones, and testicular tissue structure. Conclusion: NS and AgNPs possess interesting properties that have ability to reverse negative impacts of EB, and therefore could be alternative and safe therapeutic agents for infertility.

Effect of warm water on postharvest quality of cut rose (Rosa hybrida L.) flowers

Rose is an ornamental plant, which constitutes one of the leading cut flowers in the world. The vase life of cut Rosa hybrida L. flowers is truly short. We examined the effect of various temperatures and different time duration factors on postharvest longevity, and some other physic-biochemical characteristics and antioxidants activity. Fresh cut Rosa hybrida L. flowers were treated by water with various temperatures (23º, 42º, 47º, and 52°C) and different time duration (5, 10, 15, and 20 min). Maximum vase life (7.52 days) was related to cut flowers that were treated with 52°C for 15 min. Minimum vase life (4.46 days) was observed in cut flowers that were treated with 42°C for 5 min. Treatment of cut flowers by water with the temperature of 52°C for 15 min induced the highest water absorption, petal’s anthocyanin, and leaf’s chlorophyll. The lowest ethylene production was also obtained in cut flowers treated with 52°C for 15 min. The use of warm water (52°C) for 15 min clearly extended the vase life and most traits pertaining to the vase life of cut Rosa hybrida L. flowers.

Comparing the Effects of Rosemary Extract and Treadmill Exercise on the Hippocampal Function and Antioxidant Capacity in Old Rats

Introduction: A sequence of time-dependent changes can affect the brain’s functional capacity. This study aimed at investigating the effects of Forced Aerobic Exercise (FAE) versus the Rosemary Extract (RE) on the learning abilities and oxidative stress modulation in rats. Methods: Young and old rats received daily FAE and RE for 3 months. Using the Passive Avoidance (PA) test, we evaluated the learning and memory of the rats by Step-Through Latency (STL) score. We measured the Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx), Catalase (CATA), Malondialdehyde (MDA) enzymes levels, and Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) in the hippocampus Results: FAE could significantly increase the STL score (P<0.001) among old rats similar to the rosemary extract consumption. The SOD, GPx, and CATA enzyme activities and the level of TAC significantly increased by the treatments (exercise: P<0.001 for SOD and TAC and P<0.05 for CATA, exercise/rosemary: P<0.001 for all enzymes, and rosemary: P<0.01 for SOD and TAC). Furthermore, the MDA level significantly decreased by the treatments (exercise and exercise/rosemary: P<0.001, rosemary: P<0.01). The partial Pearson test revealed the significant positive correlations between the score of STL (day 2) with the SOD (P<0.01) and TAC (P<0.05) levels and negative correlations between the MDA level and STL score in both days (P<0.05 for the first day and P<0.001 for the second day). Conclusion: Similar to the rosemary extract, FAE could increase the working memory and antioxidants activity in old rats in 3 months.