hidden populations
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2022 ◽  
pp. 885-897
Author(s):  
Salvatore Monaco

The chapter aims to deepen the theme of the participation of gender and sexual minorities in social research, with a specific focus on the new possibilities offered by the digital society. After defining the concept of “hidden populations” or “hard -to -reach populations,” the contribution focuses on the factors of greatest vulnerability of the LGBT population. Subsequently, the chapter aims to review the literature regarding the barriers to the sampling, recruitment, participation, and involvement of sexual and gender minorities, highlighting some strategies to overcome some of the main barriers, through a plurality of innovative procedures made possible by the so-called digital society.


Author(s):  
Jonathan D. B. Van Schenck ◽  
Winston T. Goldthwaite ◽  
Richard Puro ◽  
John E. Anthony ◽  
Oksana Ostroverkhova

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 865-905
Author(s):  
Martín Humberto Félix-Medina

Abstract We propose Horvitz-Thompson-like and Hájek-like estimators of the total and mean of a response variable associated with the elements of a hard-to-reach population, such as drug users and sex workers. A portion of the population is assumed to be covered by a frame of venues where the members of the population tend to gather. An initial cluster sample of elements is selected from the frame, where the clusters are the venues, and the elements in the sample are asked to name their contacts who belong to the population. The sample size is increased by including in the sample the named elements who are not in the initial sample. The proposed estimators do not use design-based inclusion probabilities, but model-based inclusion probabilities which are derived from a Rasch model and are estimated by maximum likelihood estimators. The inclusion probabilities are assumed to be heterogeneous, that is, they depend on the sampled people. Variance estimates are obtained by bootstrap and are used to construct confidence intervals. The performance of the proposed estimators and confidence intervals is evaluated by two numerical studies, one of them based on real data, and the results show that their performance is acceptable.


2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Suhansanu Kumar ◽  
Heting Gao ◽  
Changyu Wang ◽  
Kevin Chen-Chuan Chang ◽  
Hari Sundaram

2021 ◽  
Vol 917 (1) ◽  
pp. 012024
Author(s):  
Handoyo ◽  
R Effendi ◽  
F Nurfatriani ◽  
Y Rochmayanto ◽  
D C Hidayat

Abstract The issuance of rights to manage and use forest and land resources by the government to large corporations usually incurs costs for the state and society. One of them is the emergence of hidden populations, namely people who are marginalized and even oppressed by development programs. Using the hidden population mapping method, this study reveals that hidden populations are born from the issuance of management and use rights on land they have relied on for their livelihoods. In this study, Orang Rawang is used as a term to represent a hidden population which the amounts is approximately about 30% of the population of Perigi Village and 35% of the population of Riding Village. The formation of Orang Rawang can be associated with a long-standing social stratification process that can now be identified from assets and survival strategies. Most of them do not have assets in the form of land ownership on mineral lands. Their main livelihood is fishing and collecting wood and non-timber products. Social networking in the community is carried out horizontally by dividing collective space for roaming areas, and vertically by forming patron-clan relationships with the Orang Risan and Orang Sungai.


2021 ◽  
pp. 1471082X2110439
Author(s):  
Katherine R. McLaughlin

In sampling designs that utilize peer recruitment, the sampling process is partially unknown and must be modelled to make inference about the population and estimate standard outcomes like prevalence. We develop a Bayesian model for the recruitment process for respondent-driven sampling (RDS), a network sampling methodology used worldwide to sample hidden populations that are not reachable by conventional sampling techniques, including those at high risk for HIV/AIDS. Current models for the RDS sampling process typically assume that recruitment occurs randomly given the population social network, but this is likely untrue in practice. To model preferential selection on covariates, we develop a sequential two-sided rational choice framework, which allows generative probabilistic network models to be created for the RDS sampling process. In the rational choice framework, members of the population make recruitment and participation choices based on observable nodal and dyadic covariates to maximize their utility given constraints. Inference is made about recruitment preferences given the observed recruitment chain in a Bayesian framework by incorporating the latent utilities and sampling from the joint posterior distribution via Markov chain Monte Carlo. We present simulation results and apply the model to an RDS study of Francophone migrants in Rabat, Morocco.


2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cale Lawlor ◽  
Marine Gogia ◽  
Irma Kirtadze ◽  
Keti Stvilia ◽  
Guranda Jikia ◽  
...  

Abstract Background Georgia has a significant risk of ongoing HIV and HCV outbreak. Within this context, harm reduction aims to reduce risk associated with drug use through community activities, such as peer recruitment and involvement. The aim of this study was to identify significant differences between known and hidden populations, and attest to the ongoing utility of peer-driven intervention across multiple years in recruiting high-risk, vulnerable populations through peer networks. It was hypothesised that significant differences would remain between known, and previously unknown, members of the drug-using community, and that peer-driven intervention would recruit individuals with high-risk, vulnerable individuals with significant differences to the known population. Methods Sampling occurred across 9 months in 11 cities in Georgia, recruiting a total of 2807 drug-using individuals. Standardised questionnaires were completed for all consenting and eligible participants, noting degree of involvement in harm reduction activities. These data underwent analysis to identify statistically significant different between those known and unknown to harm reduction activities, including in demographics, knowledge and risk behaviours. Results Peer recruitment was able to attract a significantly different cohort compared to those already known to harm reduction services. Peer-driven intervention was able to recruit a younger population by design, with 25.1% of PDI participants being under 25, compared to 3.2% of NSP participants. PDI successfully recruited women by design, with 6.9% of PDI participants being women compared to 2.0% in the NSP sample. Important differences in drug use, behaviour and risk were seen between the two groups, with the peer-recruited cohort undertaking higher-risk injecting behaviours. A mixture of risk differences was seen across different subgroups and between the known and unknown population. Overall risk, driven by sex risk, was consistently higher in younger people (0.59 vs 0.57, p = 0.00). Recent overdose was associated with higher risk in all risk categories. Regression showed age and location as important variables in overall risk. Peer-recruited individuals reported much lower rates of previous HIV testing (34.2% vs 99.5%, p = 0.00). HIV knowledge and status were not significantly different. Conclusions Significant differences were seen between the known and unknown drug-using populations, and between previous and current research, speaking to the dynamic change of the drug-using culture. The recruitment strategy was successful in recruiting females and younger people. This is especially important, given that this sampling followed subsequent rounds of peer-driven intervention, implying the ability of peer-assisted recruitment to consistently reach hidden, unknown populations of the drug-using community, who have different risks and behaviours. Risk differences were seen compared to previous samples, lending strength to the peer-recruitment model, but also informing how harm reduction programmes should cater services, such as education, to different cohorts.


Author(s):  
Barbara Groot ◽  
Tineke Abma

Background: Participatory health research (PHR) is a research approach in which people, including hidden populations, share lived experiences about health inequities to improve their situation through collective action. Boundary objects are produced, using arts-based methods, to be heard by stakeholders. These can bring about dialogue, connection, and involvement in a mission for social justice. This study aims to gain insight into the value and ethical issues of boundary objects that address health inequalities. A qualitative evaluation is conducted on three different boundary objects, created in different participatory studies with marginalized populations (mothers in poverty, psychiatric patients, and unemployed people). A successful boundary object evokes emotions among those who created the objects and those encountering these objects. Such objects move people and create an impulse for change. The more provocative the object, the more people feel triggered to foster change. Boundary objects may cross personal boundaries and could provoke feelings of discomfort and ignorance. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to ethics work. Boundary objects that are made by people from hidden populations may spur actions and create influence by improving the understanding of the needs of hidden populations. A dialogue about these needs is an essential step towards social justice.


2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Switbert R Kamazima ◽  
Happiness P Saronga ◽  
Saidah S Bakar ◽  
Jackline V Mbishi

Recruitment of acceptable number of participants in a (public) health research with ‘hard to reach’/‘hidden’ populations is an old global problem, mostly challenging public health researchers in resource limited countries like Tanzania. Violence, stigma, criminalization of behaviors practiced by these groups, and potential participants’ suspicion toward the research and the researchers, further limit willingness to voluntarily participate. We conducted a cross-sectional descriptive and retrospective qualitative formative study with women who have sex with women in Dar-es-Salaam City region, Tanzania. The aim, among other objectives, was to understand women who have sex with women’s attitudes and willingness to participate in future female same sex public health research targeting this group. Findings indicate that all women we studied expressed willingness to participate in future health research targeting issues around female same sex relationships in the Tanzania context; an opportunity for (public) health professionals to prevent and control diseases in the country. To attain this goal, we recommend tailoring research protocols’ content, communication messages, and recruitment tactics to recognize, appreciate, and embrace the specific characteristics, backgrounds, and concerns of women who have sex with women in Tanzania.


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