ethical argument
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2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qixuan Mu

This research studies applied feminism theories to evaluate animal protection law and its related implementation, practical measures, and insufficient measures with a comparative approach. Elizabeth Cady Stanton's liberal Feminism was employed to investigate the current dilemmas of animal protection law. The goal is to identify and discover the best practice internationally to guide the ongoing animal protection law legislation in China, a principal legal lacuna of the Chinese civil law system with a holistic perspective of feminism theories. Betty Friedan changed philosophical and ideological attitudes toward sex and raised the ethical argument of animal rights. This study found that the differences between social conditions, legislation reasons, social economics, cultures, conventions must be considered. At the same time, the human emotions, the animal's human relationship, the male-controlled capitalist hierarchy, the relationship between animal and female rights are universal. A historical context perspective was employed in all analyses between animal protection and Feminism in history. The roots of the current animal protection issues were found and studied. A number of solutions on the current animal protection were suggested based on feminism theories. "Equality of opportunity" is the primary instrument for designing solutions. Harming animals is also related to patriarchy. "We hold these truths to be self-evident; that all men and women are created equal." Therefore, if we want to make a breakthrough in animal protection law, we must be able to implement measures in many aspects at the same time to maximize the effect.


2021 ◽  
pp. medethics-2021-107824
Author(s):  
Nancy S Jecker ◽  
Zohar Lederman

This paper argues in support of the WHO’s proposal to forego COVID-19 booster shots until 10% of people in every country are fully vaccinated. The Ethical Argument section shows that we save the most lives and ensure the least amount of suffering by allocating doses first to unvaccinated people. It also argues that there is a duty to support decent lives and to promote health equity, which establish that refraining from boosters is a requirement of justice, not charity. The Replies to Objections section answers objections that appeal to pragmatism, nationalism, ownership, scientific advancement, self-interest, semantics and futility. The Conclusion section emphasizes that for now, wealthy nations should not boost vaccinated people’s immunity and should instead send doses to poorer nations where they are most urgently needed.


2021 ◽  
pp. medethics-2021-107555
Author(s):  
Nancy S Jecker ◽  
Caesar A Atuire

This paper gives an ethical argument for temporarily waiving intellectual property (IP) protections for COVID-19 vaccines. It examines two proposals under discussion at the World Trade Organization (WTO): the India/South Africa proposal and the WTO Director General proposal. Section I explains the background leading up to the WTO debate. Section II rebuts ethical arguments for retaining current IP protections, which appeal to benefiting society by spurring innovation and protecting rightful ownership. It sets forth positive ethical arguments for a temporary waiver that appeal to standing in solidarity and holding companies accountable. After examining built-in exceptions to existing agreements and finding them inadequate, the paper replies to objections to a temporary waiver and concludes, in section III, that the ethical argument for temporarily waiving IP protection for COVID-19 vaccines is strong.


2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurence B. McCullough ◽  
John H. Coverdale ◽  
Frank A. Chervenak

Abstract Objectives Clinical innovation and research on maternal–fetal interventions have become an essential for the development of perinatal medicine. In this paper, we present an ethical argument that the professional virtue of integrity should guide perinatal investigators. Methods We present an historical account of the professional virtue of integrity and the key distinction that this account requires between intellectual integrity and moral integrity. Results We identify implications of both intellectual and moral integrity for innovation, research, prospective oversight, the role of equipoise in randomized clinical trials, and organizational leadership to ensure that perinatal innovation and research are conducted with professional integrity. Conclusions Perinatal investigators and those charged with prospective oversight should be guided by the professional virtue of integrity. Leaders in perinatal medicine should create and sustain an organizational culture of professional integrity in fetal centers, where perinatal innovation and research should be conducted.


2021 ◽  
pp. 147-159
Author(s):  
Gregory M. Reichberg ◽  
Henrik Syse

AbstractBecause lethal autonomous weapon systems (LAWS) are designed to make targeting decisions without the direct intervention of human agents (who are “out of the killing loop”), considerable debate has arisen on whether this mode of autonomous targeting should be deemed morally permissible. Surveying the contours of this debate, the authors first present a prominent ethical argument that has been advanced in favor of LAWS, namely, that AI-directed robotic combatants have an advantage over their human counterparts, insofar as the former operate solely on the basis of rational assessment, while the latter are often swayed by emotions that conduce to poor judgment. Several counter arguments are then presented, inter alia, (1) that emotions have a positive influence on moral judgment and are indispensable to it; (2) that it is a violation of human dignity to be killed by a machine, as opposed to being killed by a human being; and (3) that the honor of the military profession hinges on maintaining an equality of risk between combatants, an equality that would be removed if one side delegates its fighting to robots. The chapter concludes with a reflection on the moral challenges posed by human-AI teaming in battlefield settings, and how virtue ethics provides a valuable framework for addressing these challenges.


Author(s):  
John P. Sullins ◽  
Sean Dougherty

We describe the kinds of robotic nudging systems for which we need to have ethical standards developed. Then we will discuss the potential for moral harm that ill designed robotic nudging systems can cause. This is followed by an ethical argument to justify certain kinds of permissible robot nudges. Finally, we will discuss the ongoing effort to build actionable standards that designers of these systems can use to help ensure that they are building robotic systems to the highest ethical standards.


2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 439-457
Author(s):  
Dragoş Boicu

Abstract Father André Scrima emphasized in his works the unanimous and universal duty of discovering the necessity of otherness or alterity as the exigency of our own path to God. He often spoke of the encounter and “askesis of the dialogue” that consists of the effort to open completely and without reserve to the other. From this point of view, we could consider André Scrima the visionary who intermediates the unveiling and the Revelation that, regardless of confession and religion, every human being has the chance to develop an authentic relationship with the divinity. Also, he advocates an indispensable condition or the most basic ethical argument required to get closer to God, namely recognizing the universal quality of all humankind as equally capable to be vessels of God’s grace, and hence they should be appreciated as such.


2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 45-67
Author(s):  
I.V. Zabaev ◽  
◽  
E.A. Kostrova ◽  

This article focuses on Max Weber’s understanding of “ethos” in “The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism” and the benefits afforded by this concept. The reference is not accidental as it is in this work that Weber could consistently explicate his ethical argument. The idea of ethos becomes clearer in comparison with the concept of habitus, which is actively used today in social science. It is shown that the distinction between ethos and habitus may be more productive than the conflation common in modern research. The category “ethos” is compared with the value-rational action from the later typology of action in Weber’s “Economy and Society”, while habitus is associated with traditional action from the same typology. The concept of ethos is further clarified by the example of Weber’s opposition of traditionalism and ethical modern Western capitalism. By focusing on ethical issues and using character as a theoretical tool, Weber not only puts forward a convincing interpretation but lays the foundations for a specific line of analysis in social and economic science. The category of ethos in conjunction with the value-rational type of action acquires special significance due to the potential for novelty and change that is embedded in it.


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