Does a container of ideal gas increase in temperature when accelerated and stopped?

An insulated container consisting of two ideal gas atoms are used. It is shown using rectilinear motion and elastic collisions with the walls of the container how the root mean square speed of the atoms change during acceleration of the container and after the container comes to a sudden stop.

Tracce dell’organizzazione di una figlina imperiale a Mursa

This article aims at investigating the administration, the economic activities and the evolution of an imperial estate epigraphically attested in ancient Mursa, in Pannonia inferior, along the Drava river. Particularly, there are evidences of imperial slaves engaged in business management as well as many stamped bricks with different inscriptions. By matching these two types of epigraphs, it can be sketched that the property began its activities between the 1st and 2nd century AD, reached its maximum bricks production under Hadrian, in connection with the establishment of the colony, and went on until a sudden stop due to the Marcomannic invasion. Now, we are quite sure that the production resumed under the Severian dynasty, even if we do not know for how long it continued in the 3rd century, as is the case of neighboring provinces.

Sudden stop: When did firms anticipate the potential consequences of COVID-19?

COVID-19 hit firms by surprise. In a high frequency, representative panel of German firms, the business outlook declined and business uncertainty increased only at the time when the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic led to domestic policy changes: The announcement of nation-wide school closures on March 13 was followed by the largest change in business perceptions by far. In contrast, the data provides no evidence for the relevance of other potential sources of information on business perceptions: Firms did not learn from foreign policy measures, even if they relied on inputs from China or Italy. The local, county-level spread of COVID-19 cases affected expectations and uncertainty, albeit to a much lesser extent than the domestic policy changes.

Theoretical formulations and simulations of one-dimensional inhibition kinetics of ethanologenic microorganisms in batch fermenters

The utilization of bio-based technology for energy has piqued researchers' curiosity around the world. As a result, bioethanol fermentation has been a hot topic of research for many scientists since it uses less energy and chemicals, produces fewer harmful by-products and emissions, and has environmentally favorable applications. The modeling and simulations of one-dimensional product and substrate inhibitions for sorghum, maize, and cassava extracts are discussed in this paper. Because it provides an edge over other methodologies, mechanistic modeling techniques are used. Models of substrate and product inhibitions in one dimension (1-D) are constructed. These 1-D models are then confirmed using parameter estimates before being employed in the work's simulations. For each dynamic model constructed, model fitness coefficients (α) are calculated. For the product, the exponential inhibition model, sorghum extract data has the best model fitness coefficient (α = 0.4088), for product sudden stop inhibition model and cassava extract data gives the best model fitness coefficient ($$\alpha $$ α = 0.4417) for product exponential model. The projected yield increases for substrate exponential inhibition with sorghum extract data, substrate linear inhibition with maize extract data, and substrate linear inhibition with cassava extract data are 74%, 27%, and 25%, respectively. This unique framework has offered the industry a wide choice of kinetics models to choose from to alleviate inhibitions in fermentation systems and maximize yield and productivity in the bioethanol fermentation process. Article Highlights The modeling of inhibitions namely linear, sudden stop, and exponential in batch fermentation processes are presented in this article. Model fitness coefficient analysis showed the product as a primary inhibitor and substrate as a secondary inhibitor during the process The cassava and maize processes described linear inhibition model and sorghum fermentation showed exponential product inhibition model.

Sudden Stops and Asset Purchase Programmes in the Euro Area

This paper analyses the incidence and severity of sudden stops in euro area countries before and after the introduction of the ECB’s asset purchase programmes. We define sudden stops as abrupt declines in private net financial inflows, i.e. total flows adjusted for EU and IMF loans and changes in TARGET2 balances. We document that sudden stop were more frequent and more severe in euro area countries compared to other OECD economies over the period 1999–2020. We find that the susceptibility of euro area countries to severe sudden stops mainly reflects domestic fundamentals whereas there is no clear evidence of an adverse direct effect of being part of the euro area. Moreover, our econometric analysis suggests that the ECB asset purchase programmes have overall almost halved the risk of severe sudden stops in euro area countries. We find tentative evidence that this effect operates through confidence channels.

Differential inertia of lower and upper parts of a skyscraper drives swaying of a building

The lower part of a skyscraper possesses enormous weight giving the gravity of the total building, whereas the upper part is smaller in mass. Upon a gust of wind or other factors, the lower part accelerates and decelerates more slowly than the upper part, and then the upper part moves backwards first and then forwards. It resembles a traveling bus, the standing passengers move backwards and forwards upon vehicle starting from standing-still or a sudden stop.

Differential inertia of lower and upper parts of a skyscraper drives swaying of a building

The lower part of a skyscraper possesses enormous weight giving the gravity of the total building, whereas the upper part is smaller in mass. Upon a gust of wind or other factors, the lower part accelerates and decelerates more slowly than the upper part, and then the upper part moves backwards first and then forwards. It resembles a traveling bus, the standing passengers move backwards and forwards upon vehicle starting from standing-still or a sudden stop.

Sudden Stops, Sovereign Risk, and Fiscal Rules

This paper studies the effect of implementing fiscal rules on sovereign default risk and on the probability of large capital ow reversals for a large sample of countries including both developed and emerging market economies. Results indicate that fiscal rules are beneficial for macroeconomic stability, as they significantly reduce both sovereign risk perception and the probability of a sudden stop in countries that implement them. These results, which are robust to various empirical specifications, have important policy implications specially for countries that have relaxed their fiscal rules in response to the Covid-19 pandemic.

Tonga

Tonga’s recovery following the devastation of the 2018 Cyclone Gita has been derailed by a double blow from the pandemic and Cyclone Harold. FY2020 GDP growth is estimated to fall to -2½ percent due to domestic containment measures, a sudden stop in tourism, and investment delays. The full brunt of the pandemic will be felt in FY2021 (beginning July) during peak tourism season, when a deeper contraction is expected. A worse outcome was avoided by early actions to close external borders—which has kept Tonga COVID-19-free—and prompt economic support. Beyond FY2021, the recovery is expected to resume in line with the global recovery, but the magnitude and trajectory is uncertain.