Supplemental Material: How similar was the 1983 Mw 6.9 Borah Peak earthquake rupture to its surface-faulting predecessors along the northern Lost River fault zone (Idaho, USA)?

Text S1: Bayesian (OxCal) models for northern Lost River fault zone trench sites. Text S2: Bulk sediment analysis and charcoal identification; Text S3: Luminescence geochronology. Table S1: Description of stratigraphic units at the Sheep Creek trench. Table S2: Description of stratigraphic units at the Arentson Gulch trench. Figure S1: Photomosaics and large-format trench logs for the Sheep Creek trench. Figure S2: Photomosaics and large-format trench logs for the Arentson Gulch trench. Figure S3: Sheep Creek and Arentson Gulch vertical displacement measurements. Figure S4: Fault bend angles along the northern Lost River fault zone. Figure S5: Photographs of the Sheep Creek and Arentson Gulch trench sites. Figure S6: Probability density functions for Lost River fault zone ruptures.

Supplemental Material: How similar was the 1983 Mw 6.9 Borah Peak earthquake rupture to its surface-faulting predecessors along the northern Lost River fault zone (Idaho, USA)?

Text S1: Bayesian (OxCal) models for northern Lost River fault zone trench sites. Text S2: Bulk sediment analysis and charcoal identification; Text S3: Luminescence geochronology. Table S1: Description of stratigraphic units at the Sheep Creek trench. Table S2: Description of stratigraphic units at the Arentson Gulch trench. Figure S1: Photomosaics and large-format trench logs for the Sheep Creek trench. Figure S2: Photomosaics and large-format trench logs for the Arentson Gulch trench. Figure S3: Sheep Creek and Arentson Gulch vertical displacement measurements. Figure S4: Fault bend angles along the northern Lost River fault zone. Figure S5: Photographs of the Sheep Creek and Arentson Gulch trench sites. Figure S6: Probability density functions for Lost River fault zone ruptures.

THE EFFECT OF BEND ANGLE ON THE EVAPORATIVE COOLING OF AIR FLOW THROUGH BENT DUCT

One remediation to output power drop of a gas turbine generating units during hot climates is reducing compressor inlet air temperature using fogging technique incorporating water injection into the airstream. The inlet air ductworks often include a bend or curved duct before the compressor comprising the secondary flow utilized to enhance the mixing between air and water droplets. This study investigates the effect of changing the bend angle on the resultant evaporative cooling of steadily flowing airstream. The experiments were conducted with an average air velocity range from (2.5 to 5 m/s) through (50) cm square duct. The study considered three bend angles of (45°, 90° and 135°) along with three sets of nozzle tilt angles of (- 45o, 0° and 45° ) to the axial flow direction. The results reveal that best evaporative cooling was achieved at a bend angle of (135°) when the water is axially injected, i.e., at (0o) to flow direction. These conditions were obtained at the velocity of (2.5 m/s), giving enough residence time for the injected droplets to evaporate and cool the airstream.

Analysis and Optimization of Springback during the V-bending of Hot-Rolled High Strength Steels (JSH440)

Influences of thickness, width, bend angle, applied load and holding time are evaluated over the springback in hot-rolled, high-tensile strength sheet-metals (JSH-440). Blanks' thickness, width and bend angles are considered the geometric parameters, whereas applied load and holding time are the process parameters considered in the research. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and sensitivity analysis are applied to evaluate the significance of the factors over the springback magnitude. Analytical models are developed to predict the springback in the sheet metals for the desired geometric and process parameters. Simplified analytical models are also developed for different geometries of sheet metals. Finally, the Genetic Algorithm has also been applied to determine the optimal process parameters for the minimum springback with varying geometries of the sheet metals. Finally, the influence of parameters and optimized results are discussed in detail.

Combined effect of shape distortion and bend angle on collapse load of pipe bends under in-plane closing bending moment and internal pressure

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to quantify the combined effect of shape distortion and bend angle on the collapse loads of pipe bends exposed to internal pressure and in-plane closing bending moment. Non-linear finite element analysis with large displacement theory was performed considering the pipe bend material to be elastic perfectly plastic. Design/methodology/approach One half of the pipe bend model was built in ABAQUS. Shape distortion, namely, ovality (Co) and thinning (Ct), were each varied from 0% to 20% in steps of 5% and bend angle was varied from 30° to 180° in steps of 30°. Findings The findings show that ovality has a significant impact on collapse load. The effect of ovality decreases with an increase in bend angle for small thickness. The opposite effect was observed for large thickness pipe bends. The influence of ovality was more for higher bend angles. Ovality impact was almost negligible at certain internal pressure denoted as nullifying point (NP). The latter increased with an increase in pipe bend thickness and decreased with increase in pipe bend radius. For small bend angles one NP was observed where ovality impact is negligible and beyond this point the ovality effect increased. Two NPs were observed for large bend angles and ovality effect was maximum between the two NPs. Thinning yielded a minimal effect on collapse load except for small bend angles and bend radii. The influence of internal pressure on thinning was also negligible. Originality/value Influence of shape distortions and bend angle on collapse load of pipe bend exposed to internal pressure and in-plane closing bending has been not revealed in existing literature.

Comparative study for designing the horizontal thrust blocks in pipelines for water and sewage networks

The thrust block is one of the most widely recognized methods of resisting thrust forces. This type of infrastructure should be installed in bends, dead ends, tees and wyes. Thrust blocks perform the function of transferring thrust force to the ground safely. Thrust block dimensions are designed based on hydrostatic pressures, bend angles, and soil properties in the surrounding area. Several codes exist for designing thrust blocks, but we focus on Egyptian code for design and implementation of pipelines for drinking water and sewage networks (ECDIPWSN) and the American Water Works Association (AWWA). In this methodology, the steps of thrust block design by the codes are demonstrated and applied individually to one of the published papers. The goal of the study is to find the optimum percentages between the dimensions of the block in the two codes and to compare the quantity of concrete after the block is designed by each code. Based on the research, it was found that the concrete amount of the block designed by (AWWA) is smaller than that designed by (ECDIPWSN). HIGHLIGHT Results of the study discovered the volume of the thrust block created by the AWWA method was smaller than the volume created by the ECDIPWSN method when excavation depth was low but was larger when excavation depth was large.

From Bend to Splay Dominated Elasticity in Nematics

In the past decade, much evidence has been provided for an unusually low cost for bend deformations in the nematic phase of bent-core mesogens and bimesogens (liquid crystal dimers) having a bent shape on average. Recently, an analogous effect was observed for the splay mode of bent-core mesogens with an acute apical angle. Here, we present a systematic computational investigation of the Frank elastic constants of nematics made of V-shaped particles, with bend angles ranging from acute to obtuse. We show that by tuning this angle, the elastic behavior switches from bend dominated (K33>K11) to splay dominated (K11>K33), with anomalously low values of the splay and the bend constant, respectively. This is related to a change in the shape polarity of particles, which is associated with the emergence of polar order, longitudinal for splay and transversal for bend deformations. Crucial to this study is the use of a recently developed microscopic elastic theory, able to account for the interplay of mesogen morphology and director deformations.

An experimental approach to reproduce in-plane fiber waviness in thermoplastic composites test coupons using a reverse forming method

In-plane fiber waviness is one of the defects that can occur from the stamp-forming process of thermoplastic composite (TPC) parts. The influence of this defect on the mechanical performance of multidirectional composites is not yet fully understood. The main challenge in determining the influence on mechanical properties lies in reproducing the waviness in test coupons that can subsequently be subjected to testing. This paper describes an experimental approach to reproduce representative in-plane waviness defects, specific for TPC, by reverse-forming of V-shape parts of various bend angles and inner radii. Characterization results show that this method enables the manufacturing of localized in-plane waviness in flat 24-ply quasi-isotropic C/PEEK composites with no voids. Furthermore, laminates having varying levels of maximum waviness angle ([Formula: see text]), between 14° to 64°, were successfully produced in this work. By comparing the [Formula: see text] value with the examples of industrial stamp-formed parts, it can be concluded that the developed coupon manufacturing method can reproduce waviness from TPC part production reasonably well. Finally, all of the produced laminates have defective region lengths smaller than 20 mm, localized within a predefined location which makes them well suited for standard compression test coupons.

Effect of structural deformations and bend angle on the collapse load of pipe bends subjected to in-plane closing bending moment

Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of structural deformations and bend angle on plastic collapse load of pipe bends under an in-plane closing bending moment (IPCM). A large strain formulation of three-dimensional non-linear finite element analysis was performed using an elastic perfectly plastic material. A unified mathematical solution was proposed to estimate the collapse load of pipe bends subjected to IPCM for the considered range of bend characteristics. Design/methodology/approach ABAQUS was used to create one half of the pipe bend model due to its symmetry on the longitudinal axis. Structural deformations, i.e. ovality (Co) and thinning (Ct) varied from 0% to 20% in 5% steps while the bend angle (ø) varied from 30° to 180° in steps of 30°. Findings The plastic collapse load decreases as the bend angle increase for all pipe bend models. A remarkable effect on the collapse load was observed for bend angles between 30° and 120° beyond which a decline was noticed. Ovality had a significant effect on the collapse load with this effect decreasing as the bend angle increased. The combined effect of thinning and bend angle was minimal for the considered models and the maximum per cent variation in collapse load was 5.76% for small bend angles and bend radius pipe bends and less than 2% for other cases. Originality/value The effect of structural deformations and bend angle on collapse load of pipe bends exposed to IPCM has been not studied in the existing literature.

A pilot study comparing three bend angles for lighted stylet intubation

Background For successful lighted stylet intubation, bending the lighted stylet with an appropriate angle is a prerequisite. The purpose of this study was to compare three different bend angles of 70, 80, and 90 degrees for lighted stylet intubation. Methods The patient trachea was intubated with a lighted stylet bent at 70, 80, or 90 degrees according to the randomly allocated groups (group I, II, and III, respectively). A lighted stylet combined with a tracheal tube was prepared with a bend angle of 70, 80, or 90 degrees according to the assigned group. We checked the success rate at the first attempt and overall success rate for the two attempts. Additionally, we measured search time, which was time from insertion of the bent union into the patient mouth to the start of advancing the tracheal tube while separating it from the lighted stylet, and evaluated postoperative sore throat (POST) at 2, 4, and 24 h after the recovery from anesthesia. Results There was no statistically significant difference between group I, II, and III for success rate at first attempt (73.9 %, 88.2 %, and 94.7 %, respectively, p = 0.178), even though there was a trend of increasing success rate with increasing bend angles. For overall success rate, there was similar result to that in the first attempt between the groups I, II, and III (82.6 %, 94.1 %, and 100 %, respectively, p = 0.141). However, search time took significantly longer in group I than groups II and III (p < 0.001). When group II and III were compared for POST with numeric rating scale (0–10), it was significantly lower in group II than III at 2, 4 h after the recovery (0.5 vs. 2.3, p = 0.016, and 0.4 vs. 1.8, p = 0.011, respectively). Conclusions The bend angle of the lighted stylet affected the time required for tracheal intubation and POST in our study. 80 and 90 degrees as a bend angle seem to be acceptable for clinicians in regard to success rate of lighted stylet intubation. Considering the success rate of lighted stylet intubation and POST, the bend angle of 80 degrees might be better than 70 and 90 degrees. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT03693235, registered on 30 September 2018.