“A Free-Range Chicken that Can Run Wherever the Majority Wants It To”: Budget Reconciliation and the Contemporary U.S. Senate

Since its early uses in the early 1980s, the budget reconciliation process has played an important role in how the U.S. Congress legislates. Because the procedures protect certain legislation from a filibuster in the Senate, the reconciliation rules both shape, and are shaped by, the upper chamber in significant ways. After providing a brief overview of the process, I discuss first how partisanship in the Senate has affected the use of the reconciliation procedures. Next, I describe two sets of consequences of the contemporary reconciliation process, on negotiation and on policy design. I conclude with some observations about the relationship of reconciliation to the prospects for broader procedural change in the Senate.

Penyebaran Kutikula Pada Kerabang Telur Pada Usaha Peternakan Ayam Dengan Sistem Free Range

The cuticle is the outermost layer of the egg which deposited on to the surface of the egg during the final 1-1.5 hours prior to oviposition. It is a protective coating which prevents bacterial penetration through the gas exchange pores in the eggshell. The aim of this research is analysing the cuticle cover and ultrastructural features of the mammillary layer cover during production cycle in the free-range system. Data were collected from age 26, 37, 50 and 60 weeks of age to observe the eggshell colour (%), cuticle cover following the MST blue dye which analysed by spectrophotometry based on L*a*b system and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Data were analysed using Statview Software (SAS Institute Inc., Version 5.0.1.0). A two way analysis of variance was conducted taking flock age and shed/flock as the independent variables and body weight, egg quality measurements, spectrophotometry (L*a*b) measurements, single score measurements for cuticle cover, and ultrastructural features as dependent variables. Level of significance was indicated by probability of less than 5%. The Fishers PLSD test was used to differentiate between mean values. The result of this research showed that the cuticle cover is vary from age to age. The greater value of cuticle cover in at 37 weeks of age which the same result also showed by single scrore and SEM. The cuticle cover of the shell is mostly affected by age and also strain. Keyword: Cuticle; Eggshell quality; Laying hens. Abstrak Kutikula pada telur merupakan lapisan terluar telur yang dideposisikan pada lapisan palisade kurang lebih 1,5 – 2 jam di akhir pembentukan kerabang di dalam uterus. Kutikula berfungsi sebagai benteng pertahanan pertama untuk mencegah masuknya bakteri ke dalam telur. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada usaha peternakan ayam petelur yang dipelihara dengan system free range. Telur diambil untuk dianalisa penyebaran kutikula telur pada umur 26, 37, 50, dan 60 minggu. Variable yang diamati meliputi reflektifitas warna kerabang (%), penyebaran kutikula diukur menggunakan MST blue dye dan selanjutnya diukur melalui sistim spectrophotometry, yang difokuskan pada sistim pewarnaan berdasarkan sistim L*a*b* dan single score, dan dilanjutkan dengan pengamatan menggunakan scanning electron microscopy (SEM).Selanjutnya data dianalisis menggunakan Staview software (SAS Institute Inc. version 5.0.1.0) dengan analisis anova dua arah, dimana umur ayam sebagai variable independent dan nilai SCI a* sesudah perendaman dan nilai single score (ΔE*ab) sebagai variable dependent, pada level of significance 5%. Pengaruh yang nyata diuji lanjut menggunakan Fisher PLSD. Pada penelitian ini didapatkan bahwa penyebaran kutikula pada kerabang telur bervariasi selama pengamatan. Penyebaran kutikula terbanyak ditemukan pada saat ayam berumur 37 minggu. Hal ini juga diperkuat dengan hasil yang diperoleh dengan single score (ΔE*ab) yang memperlihatkan nilai ΔE*ab yang tinggi pada umur 37 minggu. Penyebaran kutikula pada kerabang telur sangat dipengaruhi oleh umur dan juga strain ayam. Kata kunci: Ayam petelur; Kualitas telur; Kutikula.

Comparison of Behavioral Time Budget and Welfare Indicators in Two Local Laying Hen Genotypes (Atak-S and Atabey) in a Free-Range System

Free-range systems are considered to improve bird health and welfare, thereby satisfying consumer demands. Behavioral time budget, fear level and clinical welfare indicators were compared for two Turkish laying hen genotypes, Atak-S (brown) and Atabey (white), reared in a free-range system. A total of 420 laying hens (210 Atak-S, 210 Atabey) were studied between 19 and 72 weeks of age. Higher percentages of eating and drinking behavior, feather pecking, and explorative pecking were observed for Atak-S hens, whereas Atabey hens were preening, walking–standing, and resting more. The duration of tonic immobility was longer, and the number of inductions was lower in Atabey compared with Atak-S hens. Atabey hens had less keel bone damages and better plumage conditions on the breast, wing, and tail at 56 and 72 weeks of age than Atak-S hens. Footpad dermatitis was more common in Atabey hens at 40 weeks, whereas Atak-S hens had a higher prevalence of footpad dermatitis with moderate lesions at 72 weeks of age. These findings indicate that free-range Atak-S hens may be more prone to keel bone damage and development of feather pecking, but they showed less foot lesions and were less fearful.

Solar Radiation Limits the Use of Paddocks by Laying Hens Raised in the Free-range System

Laying hens on the Free-range systems are susceptible to challenging situations in relation to the rearing environment. Therefore, this work evaluated how solar radiation influences the behaviour of laying hens raised in a Free-range system, in the Brazilian Savanna. The activities included data collection of meteorological variables and behavioural analysis of three-hundred commercial laying hens in relation to the frequency of use of indoor and outdoor areas of rearing housing. The solar radiation is the main factor that directly affects the heat gain of production animals, in this experiment had a high amplitude during all day, going from 33.42 W m-2, to 756.98 W m-2. It was observed that the highest frequency of 79% and 91% use of the barn areas by the hens was at 8am and 4pm, respectively. The internal area of the housing was more used by hens 87% and 68% at 12h and 14h, respectively. Hens were not observed in the paddocks at noon and 2 pm. Hens spend more than 6 hours of the day inside the housing to provide shelter from solar radiation. Which the conclusion the solar radiation influences the behaviour of laying hens, at times of the day of the higher incidence of radiation, and high air and global temperatures, it was not observed the presence of hens in the external areas of the housing, especially with the use of the paddocks, at these times the hens seek shelter inside the housing to get away from the incidence of direct solar radiation.

Sistem Pakar Mendiagnosa Penyakit Ayam Kampung Dengan Menggunakan Metode Certainty Factor Berbasis Web

Poultry farming in Indonesia is still not successful in meeting some of the domestic needs, including being vulnerable to attacks by dangerous animal diseases. People are also restless because of dangerous diseases from chickens that can be transmitted to humans due to consuming chicken meat that has been infected with the disease. The case study in conducting research to diagnose free-range chicken disease was carried out at the Bang Ari Chicken Farm on Jalan Jamin Ginting Pamen Complex No.14 Padang Bulan, Medan Baru District, Medan City. The required criteria data is the type of disease and symptoms of the disease that attacks native chickens as well as the treatment actions that will be taken against the diseased chickens according to the disease experienced. This study aims to build a web-based expert system in diagnosing free-range chicken diseases using the certainty factor method. From the case example, the results of the calculation of certainty factor on the symptoms of free-range chickens, the disease that has the largest percentage value is P 7, namely Chronic Cough Disease of 97.50%. The system for diagnosing free-range chicken disease was built using a web-based programming language and MySQL database.

The effect of STEM approach e-module -topic of free-range chicken eggs productivity on student learning outcomes in entrepreneurship courses in the era of the industrial revolution 4.0

The use of technology in the form of e-modules in entrepreneurship courses in the chemistry education study program, Universitas Sriwijaya is a challenge for learning in the industrial revolution era 4.0. So this study aims to determine the effect of STEM approach e-module- topic of the productivity of free-range chicken eggs on student learning outcomes in entrepreneurship courses in the era of the industrial revolution 4.0. Respondents of this study were students in the third semester of the chemical education study program at the Sriwijaya University. This research method is a quasi-experimental method, where a limited field test is carried out on previously developed e-modules. Data on student learning outcomes were obtained from the pre-test and post-test scores which were analyzed by N-Gain. The results showed that the N-Gain value was 0.937 which was classified as high category, which means that there was a significant difference in student learning outcomes before and after using the STEM e-module approach. Beside that, respondents have reported examples of creativity in business plan as a result of using STEM approach e-module- topic of free-range chicken egg productivity for the Entrepreneurship Course in Chemistry Education. Thus, it can be concluded that there is an effect of using STEM approach module-topic of free-range chicken eggs productivity on student learning outcomes in entrepreneurship courses in the chemistry education study program, Universitas Sriwijaya.