Protein-Energy Synchronization Index of Various Energy Source of Feed Concentrate for Ruminants

ABSTRACT. The study aimed to determine the protein-energy synchronization (PES) index of the various energy source of feed concentrate in vitro, as a database for the preparation of ruminant rations based on the PES index. The research was conducted from May to August 2020. The research was carried out experimentally through three stages: proximate analysis, in vitro digestibility test, and index calculation. The materials used were rumen fluid of three Jawa Randu Goats, taken shortly after being slaughtered at Sokaraja Goat Slaughterhouse, and seven types of energy sources of feed concentrate. Each feedstuff was duplicated for 3 replications, then the digestibility data for organic matter and protein of each feedstuff were collected at the 2nd, 4th, 6th, 8th, 12th, 24th, and 48th hour by in vitro fermentation. The data collection results were then regressed and the results were included in the PES index equation. The variable measured was the PES synchronization index. The results showed that the PES index of rice bran was 0.54, rice polish 0.50, pollard 0.57, corn 0.87, dried cassava 0.94, dried cassava dreg 0.90, and bread flour 0.94. The study concluded that the energy source of feed concentrate are potential as the medium to the high category of PES index values in the preparation of ruminant rations, where corn, dried cassava, dried cassava dreg, and bread flour have a PES index in the high category, while rice bran, rice polish, and pollard in the medium category. (Indeks sinkronisasi protein-energi berbagai bahan pakan konsentrat sumber energi bagi ruminansia) ABSTRAK. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menginventarisasi indeks sinkronisasi protein-energi (SPE) berbagai bahan pakan konsentrat sumber energy, sebagai basis data penyusunan ransum ruminansia berbasis indeks SPE secara in vitro. Penelitian dilaksanakan mulai bulan Mei hingga Agustus 2020. Penelitian dilaksanakan secara eksperimental melalui tiga tahap yaitu analisis proksimat, kecernaan in vitro, dan perhitungan indeks. Materi yang digunakan adalah cairan rumen 3 Kambing Jawa Randu yang diambil sesaat setelah disembelih di Rumah Potong Hewan Sokaraja, serta 7 jenis bahan pakan konsentrat sumber energi. Masing-masing bahan pakan diduplikasi sebanyak 3 ulangan, kemudian masing-masing diukur kecernaan bahan organik dan protein pada waktu fermentasi in vitro ke 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24 dan 48 jam. Data yang dikoleksi selanjutnya di uji regresi dan hasilnya dimasukkan dalam persamaan indeks SPE. Variabel yang diukur adalah indeks SPE. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa indeks SPE dedak sebesar 0,54, bekatul 0,50, pollard 0,57, jagung 0,87, gaplek 0,94, onggok kering 0,90 dan tepung roti 0,94. Penelitian menyimpulkan bahwa, konsentrat sumber energi memiliki potensi nilai indeks sinkronisasi protein-energi pada kategori sedang hingga tinggi dalam penyusunan ransum ruminansia. Jagung, gaplek, onggok kering dan tepung roti memiliki indeks sinkronisasi protein-energi pada kategori tinggi, sedangkan dedak, bekatul dan pollard pada kategori sedang.

Volatile fatty acids and methane production in dairy cow ration based on protein-energy synchronization index with a meals protein source

The study was aimed to examine the production of volatile fatty acids (VFA) and methane (CH4) in rations based on protein-energy synchronization index (PES) using different meals protein sources (MPS). The study was conducted experimentally with in vitro techniques. The factorial completely randomized design (CRD) was used to examine six types of treatment rations originating from a combination of 3 PES index and two types of MPS, each repeated four times so that there were a total of 24 experimental units. The results showed that the interaction of the SPE index had no significant effect on the production of partial VFA, but had a significant effect on the acetate: propionate (A: P) ratio and CH4 production. The analysis of honestly significant different (HSD) results showed that the lowest A: P ratio and CH4 were found in R1. The orthogonal test shows that coconut and soybean meal had a quadratic effect on the A: P ratio and CH4. It concluded that the best PES index to optimize VFA and minimize CH4 production was at the index 0.6-0.61 with soybean meal as protein source supplementation.

The Significance of EEG Alpha Oscillation Spectral Power and Beta Oscillation Phase Synchronization for Diagnosing Probable Alzheimer Disease

Alzheimer disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia in geriatric population. At present, no effective treatments exist to reverse the progress of AD, however, early diagnosis and intervention might delay its progression. The search for biomarkers with good safety, repeatable detection, reliable sensitivity and community application is necessary for AD screening and early diagnosis and timely intervention. Electroencephalogram (EEG) examination is a non-invasive, quantitative, reproducible, and cost-effective technique which is suitable for screening large population for possible AD. The power spectrum, complexity and synchronization characteristics of EEG waveforms in AD patients have distinct deviation from normal elderly, indicating these EEG features can be a promising candidate biomarker of AD. However, current reported deviation results are inconsistent, possibly due to multiple factors such as diagnostic criteria, sample sizes and the use of different computational measures. In this study, we collected two neurological tests scores (MMSE and MoCA) and the resting-state EEG of 30 normal control elderly subjects (NC group) and 30 probable AD patients confirmed by Pittsburgh compound B positron emission tomography (PiB-PET) inspection (AD group). We calculated the power spectrum, spectral entropy and phase synchronization index features of these two groups’ EEG at left/right frontal, temporal, central and occipital brain regions in 4 frequency bands: δ oscillation (1–4 Hz), θ oscillation (4–8 Hz), α oscillation (8–13 Hz), and β oscillation (13–30 Hz). In most brain areas, we found that the AD group had significant differences compared to NC group: (1) decreased α oscillation power and increased θ oscillation power; (2) decreased spectral entropy in α oscillation and elevated spectral entropy in β oscillation; and (3) decrease phase synchronization index in δ, θ, and β oscillation. We also found that α oscillation spectral power and β oscillation phase synchronization index correlated well with the MMSE/MoCA test scores in AD groups. Our study suggests that these two EEG features might be useful metrics for population screening of probable AD patients.

Topology Uniformity Pinning Control for Multi-agent Flocking

The optimal pinning node selection for multi-agent flocking is a NP-hard problem. The current pinning node selection strategies mainly depend on complex network node characteristics which are lack of rigorous mathematical proof for flocking control. This paper studies the effect and selection strategy of pinning node based on matrix eigenvalue theory. Firstly, the effect on the eigenvalue of Laplacian matrix by pinning node is analyzed. Secondly, the synchronization index which reflects topology uniformity of multi-agent system is proposed to exert maximum influence on the system synchronizability. A practicable optimal pinning node selection method based on synchronization index is proposed and analyzed by the eigenvalue perturbation method. Finally, the simulations show the rate of system convergence by using optimal synchronizability pinning node is better than the maximum degree centrality.

Effect of synchronization of firings of different motor unit types on the force variability in a model of the rat medial gastrocnemius muscle

The synchronized firings of active motor units (MUs) increase the oscillations of muscle force, observed as physiological tremors. This study aimed to investigate the effects of synchronizing the firings within three types of MUs (slow—S, fast resistant to fatigue–FR, and fast fatigable–FF) on the muscle force production using a mathematical model of the rat medial gastrocnemius muscle. The model was designed based on the actual proportion and physiological properties of MUs and motoneurons innervating the muscle. The isometric muscle and MU forces were simulated by a model predicting non-synchronized firing of a pool of 57 MUs (including 8 S, 23 FR, and 26 FF) to ascertain a maximum excitatory signal when all MUs were recruited into the contraction. The mean firing frequency of each MU depended upon the twitch contraction time, whereas the recruitment order was determined according to increasing forces (the size principle). The synchronization of firings of individual MUs was simulated using four different modes and inducing the synchronization of firings within three time windows (± 2, ± 4, and ± 6 ms) for four different combinations of MUs. The synchronization was estimated using two parameters, the correlation coefficient and the cross-interval synchronization index. The four scenarios of synchronization increased the values of the root-mean-square, range, and maximum force in correlation with the increase of the time window. Greater synchronization index values resulted in higher root-mean-square, range, and maximum of force outcomes for all MU types as well as for the whole muscle output; however, the mean spectral frequency of the forces decreased, whereas the mean force remained nearly unchanged. The range of variability and the root-mean-square of forces were higher for fast MUs than for slow MUs; meanwhile, the relative values of these parameters were highest for slow MUs, indicating their important contribution to muscle tremor, especially during weak contractions.

ESTIMATION OF THE EFFICIENCY OF HORMONE-REGULATING SYNCHRONIZATION OF OVULATION IN FEMALE MICE

The aim of the wok is to assess the efficiency of hormone-regulating synchronization of ovulation in female mice, to increase the number of simultaneously fertilized individuals and obtain their offspring in the planned time frame.Materials and methods. The study was carried out on 180 female mice of three lines – CBA/lac, C57BL/6, BALB/c (n = 60), divided into three subgroups: intact (mating without confirmation of the estrous phase) (n = 20), cytological examination of vaginal secretions before mating with the determination of the estrous phase (n = 20), hormone-regulating synchronization of the estrous cycle with the introduction of progesterone (4.5 mg/100 g) on the 1st and prostaglandin F2α (0.083 mg/100 g) on the 7th day, once from the beginning of the experiment followed by immediate mating (n = 20). The planned date of delivery was considered the 22nd day from the moment of mating. The ovulation synchronization index (OSI) was assessed on the 14th day after mating.Results. On the 14th day from the beginning of the experiment, the ovulation synchronization index in the intact groups of the CBA/lac, C57BL/6, BALB / c lines, was 25%, 25%, 40%, respectively. On the 14th day, the number of pregnant individuals admitted to mating after the established estrus by the method of cytological assessment of vaginal secretions according to OSI, was 65%, 60%, 75%, respectively. In the experimental groups, OSI was 80%, 75%, 100%, respectively. On the 22nd day, the number of delivered females of CBA/lac, C57BL/6, BALB/c lines in the intact group, was 3, 1, 3 individuals; in the control group – 10, 6, 9, and in the experimental group – 16, 15, 17, which is significantly higher than in the control and intact groups (p˂0.05).Conclusion. Hormone-regulating synchronization of ovulation in female mice significantly increases the number of delivered individuals on the 22nd day, relative to those synchronized by estrus by 53%, and to intact groups by 85.5%. It has been revealed that an additional effect of hormonal synchronization of ovulation is an increase in the number of offspring by 120% in comparison with the control groups and by 390% in comparison with the intact groups. This method of timing planning of the offspring birth of the experimental animals reduces the time spent on preclinical studies of drugs for the following types of assessment of toxic effects: reproductive toxicity, embryotoxicity, teratogenicity, effects on fertility.