Modeling the Price of Emergency Power Transmission Lines in the Reserve Market Due to the Influence of Renewable Energies

The law of free access to the transmission network obliges the transmission network to be in orbit, and on the other hand, the high loads in the transmission network, and economic uncertainties cause that the owners of transmission companies, don’t have sufficient motivation and resources to rebuild and develop the network. The main objective of this paper is the modeling the price of emergency power transmission lines in the reserve markets. This paper presents a method for calculating the reference price that a transmission line owner uses to bid on a price in excess of the nominal capacity of the transmission line under his ownership. For this purpose, first, the effects of operating a transmission line at a power greater than the rated power are described. After that, the reduction rate of the transmission line due to operation in these conditions is calculated, and finally the price determination is calculated based on the reduction rate of the generated life. In the next stage, this excess capacity is entered the two-stage model of energy market and reservation considering renewable energy sources as a price offer function. Numerical results of 6-Shin network show that the entry of renewable energy sources reduces energy costs, but the costs of the reserve market increases due to uncertainty. However, despite the emergency capacity, these costs are reduced due to the use of cheap resources in the network.

Analysis of the anticipated transient without scram (ATWS) initiated by emergency power mode through the full scope simulator

The integrity of the reactor coolant system is severely challenged as a result of an Emergency Power Mode – ATWS event. The purpose of this paper is to simulate the Anticipated Transient without Scram (ATWS) using the full scope simulator of Angra 2 Nuclear Power Plant with the Emergency Power Case as a precursor event. The results are discussed and will be used to examine the integrity of the reactor coolant system. In addition, the results were compared with the data presented in Final Safety Analysis Report (FSAR – Angra 2) in order to guarantee the validation of the methodology and from there analyze other precursor events of ATWS which presented only plausibility studies in FSAR – Angra 2. In this way, the aim is to provide and develop the knowledge and skill necessaries for control room operating personnel to ensure safe and reliable plant operation and stimulate information in the nuclear area through the academic training of new engineers. In the presented paper the most severe scenario is analyzed in which the Reactor Coolant System reaches its highest level of coolant pressure. This scenario is initiated by the turbine trip jointly with the loss of electric power systems (Emergency Power Mode). In addition, the failure of the reactor shutdown system occurs, i.e., control rods fail to drop into the reactor core. The reactor power is safely reduced through the inherent reactivity feedback of the moderator and fuel, together with an automatic boron injection. Several operational variables were analyzed and their profiles over time are shown in order to provide data and benchmarking references. At the end of the event, it was noted that Reactor shutdown is assured, as is the maintenance of subcriticality. Residual heat removal is ensured.

Research of transition processes in the operation of reclamation pumping stations

This paper presents the results of field studies carried out on existing pressure systems with pumping stations. The considered field experiments were carried out on a closed irrigation system, which includes a pumping station with a water intake, a closed irrigation pipeline network and sprinklers. On this system, field studies of transient processes were carried out with the simultaneous shutdown of all pumping units simulating emergency power outages of the motors, and with shutdown of one of the units simulating the automatic operation of the station. The presented results make it possible to carry out practical calculations of transient processes for pumping stations with different water supplies, heads, capacities, diameters and lengths of pressure pipelines and shockproof devices.

Evaluating technological feasibility of fruit and vegetable transportation by sea between ports of Caspian Sea

The modern process of fruit and vegetable transportation between countries depends not only on geographical, but also on political and economic factors, which makes for searching more efficient and shorter routes. The availability of such a transport opportunity as sea transportation between the ports of the Caspian Sea makes it possible to analyze new routes for the product transportation from Iran, Azerbaijan and other countries to Russia using dry cargo vessels that are currently used as the general cargo vessels. There have been analyzed the new routes for transportation of perishable products in refrigerated containers and assessed the possibility of their transportation on the “Volga” type bulk carriers. The routes “Astara (Azerbaijan) - Moscow”, “Astara - port Alat - port Kuryk - Moscow” have been illustrated. A general arrangement drawing of a “Volga” type dry cargo vessel (project 19610) is presented, the photographs of transporting timber and containers on the decks of dry cargo vessels are given. Calculating the load of the dry cargo ship’s power plant has shown a technical possibility of transporting 16 refrigerated containers on deck of the “Volga” type vessel without changes in the design of the ship’s power plant. Conclusions are made about the need to develop effective cargo transportation by waterways in modern conditions of the loss of traditional Russian suppliers of fruit and vegetable products, about the possibility of additional use of dry cargo ships, as well as the feasibility of developing a backup diesel generator for emergency power supply of deck refrigerated containers in connection with a possible increase in the capacity of the ship power plant.

Microcontroller based Multifunctional Automated Weather Monitoring and Logging System

This paper describes a microcontroller-based prototype Automated Weather Monitoring and Logging System that can col- lect meteorological data such as air temperature, relative humidity, atmospheric pressure, light intensity, and rain detection from any distant location. The Weather Monitoring and Logging System is entirely automated, and measured weather data is transferred to a public server while showing immediate data on a liquid crystal display (LCD) and stored to a Secure Digital (SD) card. For private viewers, Android-based smart phones may be interfaced with the weather station and operated via the android application. The weather station is supplied by a direct current (DC) source, with a backup rechargeable battery. In the event of an emergency power outage, the system will immediately switch to battery power. Two Atmega 328p and Two ESP 8266 microcontrollers are utilized as the core of the control and coordination of the relative multitude of exercises of the singular modules. All of the sensors in the systems have been calibrated, ensuring that the system’s accuracy seems to be exceptional. This system will benefit all users, and it will benefit the meteorological industry because it will allow them to work from a remote location. Keywords: Automated Weather Station; Microcontroller; Sensor; Meteorological Instrument

Study on Environmental Adaptability of Metal Plate Fuel Cell

As a main task of national key project (2018YFC081000)“emergency power under the special environment systems research and application demonstration”, Study on Environmental Adaptability of Metal Plate Fuel Cell.the paper focus on the key technologies needed to be developed of researching PEMFC system to adapt to the special environment of high temperature, high humidity, high salt, high cold and high altitude;this topic reviews the impact of plasma exchange membrane fuel cell and climate environment on such emergency power supply equipment, and uses Au@TiN as a metal bipolar plate of proton exchange membrane fuel cell. After a series of tests, it proves the excellent operation characteristics of the fuel cell reactor in “4-high” environment.the study showed that after constant 1.0 V (vs SHE) potential polarization, the size order of different coating corrosion currents is: gold plated> stainless steel> carbonization;In a high altitude environment, the optimal air intake parameters are obtained by numerical simulation and optimization of air pressure, air volume, wind speed, air excess coefficient and other parameters;In a high-temperature environment, the problem of the metal bipolar fuel cell supply system can be solved by improving the flow structure of the air side to increase the heat exchange area and the air capacity;In the high-cold environment, the shutdown pulse sweep scheme is adopted, and the rapid start of hydrogen battery supply system is realized by using hydrogen catalytic reaction assisted heating.

Comparative Study of Ram Air Turbines based on Wind Tunnel Study for Specific Air Borne Energy Extraction

Ram Air Turbines (RAT) are used for emergency on-board power generation on aircraft and associated systems. Many studies on usage of RATs have shown promising results in terms of using RATs as a source of emergency on-board power generation. Many external podded systems on aircraft utilise RATs for self-sufficient adaptation. These pods generate their own power using RATs for their power requirements instead of depending on the mother aircraft power. Commercial cargo planes use RATs for generating emergency hydraulic power. A RAT was suggested to be used for emergency power, during failure of main alternator on a prototype aircraft. A specific requirement of the RAT was also to produce high drag for aerodynamic braking when deployed and concurrently generate electrical energy. Three models with different solidity were studied in wind tunnel at different wind speeds for suitability of this drag-energy combination. This paper presents the results of the study. Based on the results, a suitable RAT was selected for further analysis and ground trials.

Radiation Risks of Helicopter Personnel Responding to the Chernobyl Accident: Early and Long-Term Health Disorders

The objectives of the study were to analyze the radiation doses received by helicopter crew members during the work above the emergency unit and the effectiveness of some radioprotective means; to determine the most radiosensitive systems of the body, their condition in the early and distant terms after the accident and the causes of disqualification of flight personnel. Materials and research methods. The first stage of the work was performed directly in the zone of helicopter aviation flight over the Chernobyl NPP emergency power unit. We determined radiation doses received by flight personnel, their dependence on the type of helicopter and pilot's workplace. Also we evaluated the dependence of exposure dose on the radio-protective means used and the primary reaction of pilots to radiation exposure. The second stage of the work was performed on the basis of the Central Research Aviation Hospital and the State Research Test Institute of Military Medicine of the Russian Ministry of Defense. At this stage the results of laboratory, clinical and psychological examination of the pilots who performed the tasks of liquidation of the Chernobyl accident effects in 1986 - 1987 and received regulated radiation doses were assessed. The corresponding medical documents (expert decisions of medical and aviation committees, results of medical follow-up) were studied for the period from 1986 till 2000, i.e. till the time when almost all helicopter liquidators were disqualified for health reasons or discharged due to senior service. Results of the study and their analysis. The radiation doses received by the helicopter crew members during the execution of the assigned tasks over the emergency unit and the efficiency of some radio-protective means were analyzed. The most radiosensitive body systems, their condition in the early and distant terms after the accident and the diseases leading to the disqualification of flight personnel were determined.