Global incidence proportion of intraventricular haemorrhage of prematurity: a meta-analysis of studies published 2010–2020

ObjectiveTo investigate differences and calculate pooled incidence of any intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH), severe IVH (Grade III/IV, sIVH) and ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS) placement in preterm infants across geographical, health and economic regions stratified by gestational age (GA).DesignMEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL and Web of Science were searched between 2010 and 2020. Studies reporting rates of preterm infants with any IVH, sIVH and VPS by GA subgroup were included. Meta-regression was performed to determine subgroup differences between study designs and across United Nations geographical regions, WHO mortality strata and World Bank lending regions. Incidence of any IVH, sIVH and VPS by GA subgroups<25, <28, 28–31, 32–33 and 34–36 weeks were calculated using random-effects meta-analysis.ResultsOf 6273 publications, 97 met inclusion criteria. Incidence of any IVH (37 studies 87 993 patients) was: 44.7% (95% CI 40.9% to 48.5%) for GA <25 weeks, 34.3% (95% CI 31.2% to 37.6%) for GA <28 weeks, 17.4% (95% CI 13.8% to 21.6%) for GA 28–31 weeks, 11.3% (95% CI 7.3% to 17.0%) for GA32–33 weeks and 4.9% (95% CI 1.4% to 15.2%) for GA 34–36 weeks. Incidence of sIVH (49 studies 328 562 patients) was 23.7% (95% CI 20.9% to 26.7%) for GA <25 weeks, 15.0% (95% CI 13.1% to 17.2%) for GA <28 weeks, 4.6% (95% CI 3.5% to 6.1%) for GA 28–31 weeks, 3.3% (95% CI 2.1% to 5.1%) for GA 32–33 weeks and 1.8% (95% CI 1.2% to 2.8%) for GA 34–36 weeks. Europe had lower reported incidence of any IVH and sIVH relative to North America (p<0.05). Proportion of VPS across all GA groups was 8.4% (95% CI 4.7% to 14.7%) for any IVH and 17.2% (95% CI 12.2% to 26.2%) for sIVH. Heterogeneity was high (I2 >90%) but 64%–85% of the variance was explained by GA and study inclusion criteria.ConclusionsWe report the first pooled estimates of IVH of prematurity by GA subgroup. There was high heterogeneity across studies suggesting a need for standardised incidence reporting guidelines.

EXPLOITATION PRODUCTIVE DE L’ENERGIE POUR UN ACCES DURABLE A L’ENERGIE EN MILIEU RURAL AU TOGO

The objective of this work is to contribute to energy justice in rural areas in Togo by promoting entrepreneurship based on the productive use of energy. To this end, in 2019 we conducted surveys of 650 rural households spread across the five economic regions of Togo. The data were collected with CSPro 6.3 software, cleaned with STATA software and analyzed with Microsoft Office EXCEL 2013 software. Based on the results obtained, three electricity supply scenarios for a rural wet coffee processing company, envisaged in the plateau region, were simulated with the HOMER Pro 3.14.4 software. The results of the surveys show that only 16% of households are connected to the electricity grid and therefore indicate to develop the available energy resources expressed, namely solar (80.9%), biomass (68.9%), water sources (47.1%) and agricultural residues (44.5%). Respondents, 64.77% of whom work in agriculture and breeding, expressed the need for the use of productive electrical equipment. The best-case scenario simulated, a mini-grid supplying the wet coffee processing company and households, revealed a levelized cost of electricity of XOF 394/kWh; lower than the cost of electrification of the company, XOF 814/kWh or that of households, XOF 488/kWh. However, this cost must be further reduced if energy is to be financially accessible to rural populations. To validate this concept, two other rural entrepreneurial initiatives will be simulated in two different agro-ecological zones of Togo

Changes in Regional Economic Resilience after the 2008 Global Economic Crisis: The Case of Korea

This study investigated Korea’s regional economic resilience after the 2008 economic crisis and analyzed the spatial patterns therein from the perspective of evolution and engineering. We analyzed the employee statistics of 229 si-gun-gu (city-county-district) administrative units for the 2002–2016 period sourced from Business Census data using shift-share analysis, a panel data model, and exploratory spatial data analysis (ESDA). According to the analysis, most regions showed resilience after the crisis, revealing various patterns within the economic regions. Regarding the capital area, there were more structural improvements in Gyeonggi-do than in Seoul. For other regions, there were also more structural improvements in and around metropolitan areas. When comparing the absolute levels of post-crisis employment, the capital area showed low employment resilience in the CBD, while areas where industries such as IT and finance were clustered showed great employment resilience. In addition, non-capital areas showed a significant recovery in the manufacturing areas. This means that regional inequalities in the process of responding to economic crises are likely to include both quantitative and qualitative aspects, and that policies that accompany more structural improvements should be implemented.

Women’s education and desire for additional children in Vietnam: regional differences and the role of son preference

This paper investigates the relationship between women’s education and desire for additional children across the six economic regions of Vietnam. The study employed data from the nationally representative Vietnam Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) 2014. Probit regression results showed that for women with one child, higher levels of education were associated with higher fertility desire in two out of six regions. Similar results were found for women with two or more children. Children’s sex composition played a role in the desire for additional children, reflecting both son preference and mixed-gender preference. In Vietnam overall, among women with at least one boy, those with lower levels of education were more likely not to want another child. The results, however, differed by region. The findings suggest that the social and economic context of each region, particularly sex ratio at birth and total fertility rate, should be taken into account when designing population policies in Vietnam.

Assessment of the infrastructure resource of transport component of the AIC of Kazakhstan: criteria and indicators

The goal is to determine the possibilities for development of transport component of the agro-industrial complex of Kazakhstan. Methods - monitoring of indicators for assessing the infrastructure potential of the transport network of the agrarian sector of the republic, economic and statistical, comparative analysis, computational and constructive, allowing to assess the state and dynamics of its infrastructure. Results - the criteria for expanding the scale of transport and logistics system of the agro-industrial complex were considered. The geographical position of the Republic of Kazakhstan allows it to become a transport hub in trade between the States of Europe and Asia, including in terms of the movement of agricultural products, while the determining factor is the development of a modern base for increasing traffic volumes. The role of this component for agroindustrial production, an important sphere of the country's economy, which occupies a special place in a single economic mechanism, significantly influencing the efficiency and competitiveness of agricultural sectors, has been determined. Conclusions - in geographic conditions of Kazakhstan: a large territory, location in the center of Eurasia, the presence of various connections between economic regions, allowing a balanced distribution of agricultural products within the republic and exporting it, development of transport communications, namely roads and various types of structures that contribute to the effective movement of food goods. Thus, it is possible to outline a number of indicators for assessing the development potential of transport infrastructure of the AIC, among which the most important are the creation of a road network and provision of facilities necessary for the full functioning of the country's transport logistics. For this, it is advisable to increase the number of labor and material- technical resources aimed at creating economic transport entities.

Singapore and the Post-covid Reconfiguration of Global Value Chains

The global economy, global flows and global economic coordination have been severely disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic. This note reviews and summarizes some of the current forecasting and predictions of the consequences of the pandemic for global value chains, with an additional focus on Singapore. The review is based on a convenience sample of expert reports, scientific papers, and press articles. The disruption has already caused exceptional economic damage. In the medium and long terms, global value chains and the structure of globalization are expected to adapt significantly due to new attitudes to pandemic and other risks. The dominant prediction is of an organizational and geographical contraction of economic activities and exchanges, within the bounds of economic regions large enough to diversify location risk. At the same time, Singapore is poised to benefit from Asia’s economic buoyancy and from regional dynamics in the manufacturing and tech sectors.

The convergence of financial inclusion across provinces in Vietnam: A novel approach

Financial inclusion has generally been considered an effective mechanism to support economic growth and reduce Vietnam’s poverty for the last decade. While the importance of financial inclusion to economic growth or macroeconomic stability has been widely examined, it appears that the degree of financial inclusion across Vietnam has not attracted attention from academics and policymakers. In particular, a convergence of financial inclusion across provinces in Vietnam has never been examined. This paper is conducted to examine the static and dynamic distributions of financial inclusion across provinces in Vietnam. The latest three biennial surveys from 2014 to 2018 and a novel approach known as the dynamic kernel density function are used in this study. Our results indicate that Vietnam’s economic growth and development over the 2014–2018 period is relatively inclusive. The evidence also demonstrates that households provided with access to multiple sources of finance depend significantly on the provincial level of income. We also find that provinces located in the national key economic regions, including (i) the Northern region and (ii) the Southern region, appear to achieve a higher degree of financial inclusiveness. Our findings also confirm the catching-up from the financially disadvantaged provinces to financially advantaged provinces locating within the key economic regions. We argue that understanding the asymmetric effect of economic growth on financial inclusion will be helpful for the Vietnamese government in formulating and implementing economic policies promptly to secure the sustainable and inclusive goals of economic growth and development in the future.

What Is the Regional Differences in Carbon Emission Performance: Evidences From Energy-intensive Industries in China?

As the major energy consumers, energy-intensive industries are the key players in achieving carbon emission reduction targets. Grasping the carbon emission reduction potential has a direct impact on the implementation of the carbon emission reduction policies of China. The paper builds a super-Slack Based Model(SBM) considering this undesirable output, and calculates the carbon emission efficiency. Then, the Meta-Frontier Malmquist-Luenberger productivity index (MF-MLPI) is constructed to dynamically analyse the growth rate changes of the carbon emission efficiency and the regional differences in energy-intensive industries. Furthermore, the carbon emission reduction potential of the energy-intensive industries in various economic regions of China is discussed and the conclusions are as follows: there is a big difference in the carbon emission Technology Gap Ratios (TGRs) of the energy-intensive industries in different economic regions; the growth rate of the carbon emission efficiency of energy-intensive industries shows a trend of first declining and then slowly recovering while the carbon reduction potential generally shows a trend of decreasing and then rising; and the carbon emission reduction potential in the eastern region keeps decreasing. The following is recommended: the government should rationally distribute energy-intensive industries, promote industrial structure adjustment, optimize the energy structure according to the regional industrial advantages; increase investment in R&D, promote energy technology innovation in energy-intensive industries; prioritize the promotion of carbon peaks on key emission industries and regional, formulate differentiated plans for the regions and industries with different carbon emission reduction potentials.

Financial Flows Matrix — a Tool for Implementing the Country’s Economic Policy

The article discusses a promising and well-proven tool for analyzing economic relations in socio-economic systems, which is actively used all over the world — the matrix of financial flows. The paper identifies the main areas of its application and briefly describes the history of its development in the world and specifically for Russia. The author also features the process of constructing a matrix for 12 economic regions of our country by types of economic activity. In the course of filling with statistical data the problem of assessing the volume of interregional trade was identified, which made it necessary to undertake an additional research, the results of which are presented in the article. In conclusion an example of practical use of the constructed matrix as an independent tool, as well as part of a more complex economic and mathematical model, is demonstrated.