Motives for the Use or Not of Protective Equipment for the Recreational Practice of Skiing and Snowboarding in Spanish Winter Stations

The objective of this research was to analyze the motives for using or not using protections by recreational ski and snowboard athletes, specifically regarding gender and age in the winter resorts of Sierra Nevada and Alto Campoo (Spain). A total of 520 users participated in Sierra Nevada (n = 306 (58,8%)) and Alto Campoo (n = 214 (42.2%)); 257 of them were men (49.4%) and 263 (50.6%) were women; from 6 to 50 years old; classified by 4 stages of development (Childhood (n = 106 (20.4%); Teenagers (n = 110 (21.2%); Young adults (n = 101 (19.4%); Adults (n = 203 (39.0%)). For the data collection an ad hoc questionnaire was used (socio-demographic data, use/no use of protection, motives for the use). The data revealed that 76.5% used protections equipment, with the women being more likely to use protective equipment than men. Regarding age, young adults and adults were the ones using less protection. In relation to the motives of using protective equipment, security was the main motive for using it, while the reason to avoid using it was, most of the time, discomfort. Additionally, the childhood and teenager groups were the ones who reported, as motivation, family obligation, showing the importance of the influence of the parents.

Culture Moderates the Relationship between Family Obligation Values and the Outcomes of Korean and European American College Students

Family obligation values have been described as an important element of collectivistic cultures that are related to the development of positive emotional well-being and motivation in high school and college students. The present study tested the hypothesis that culture moderates the relationship between family obligation values and the outcomes of Korean ( n = 249) and European American ( n = 251) college students. The results provided support for this hypothesis. Specifically, for Koreans, family obligation values were significantly and positively correlated with descriptions of parents as being more supportive of the self-determination of their children, which was found to mediate the relationship between family obligation values and student outcomes. Furthermore, family obligation values were more strongly associated with the motivation, self-esteem, and depression of Koreans than European Americans. European American students expressed lower family obligation values and the intensity of these values were unrelated to their emotional well-being. Family obligation values were positively correlated with reports of self-determined motivation for Korean students, and negatively correlated with reports of self-determined motivation for European American students. The results are discussed in terms of cultural moderation and self-determination theory.

I WILL KEEP CONTRIBUTING TO MY FAMILY: FAMILY OBLIGATION AMONG OLDER ADULTS WITH MEXICAN IMMIGRANT BACKGROUNDS

Providing care of older parents is a family obligation for children with Mexican cultural contexts (Knight et al., 2010). Nevertheless, little is known about how parents with Mexican cultural backgrounds believe about their family obligations. The current study conceptualized Mexican American older adults’ sense of family obligation. Data was collected from 307 Mexican Americans (Mage=54, SD=8, range 45-77 years old, females=56%) through an online survey. A 2-factor model: Expectation on children’s caregiving (3-item) and Efforts to reduce children’s burden (7-item) were identified as the best-fit model through EFA and CFA analyses (CFI=.96, SRMSA=.4). The component of efforts to reduce children’s burden predicted participants’ generativity assessed by the scale of McAdams and Aubin (1992). The findings suggest that Mexican American older adults expect their children to take care of them, as they feel obligated to reduce their children’s caregiving burden. The function of the cultural value in intergenerational relations is discussed.

Cost and Family Obligation in Everyday Sacrifice to Parents Among European American and Chinese Emerging Adults

Cultural studies on sacrifices made by emerging adults have given limited attention to the cost involved. We addressed this issue in studies among U.S. and Chinese emerging adults. Assessing real-life instances of sacrifice, Study 1 ( N = 130) showed that Chinese sacrifice for their parents in a higher cost way than do European Americans. In a vignette-based experiment, Study 2 ( N = 254) demonstrated that family obligation motivates high-cost sacrifice among Chinese emerging adults but not among European American emerging adults. The findings underscore the importance in cultural research of recognizing the distinctive impact of cultural and immigration effects, while highlighting methodological limitations associated with the use of scale measures.