Towards Combatting Violence against Women’s Access to Land Ownership in Morocco

Assorted kinds of violence and discrimination against women’s access to land ownership seem to be the most criticized the moment their dismissal is no longer a necessity for the Moroccan Legislator. It is hard to deny that all rights and obligations related to access to land, seen as a tangible resource, constitute the first-rate concerns of citizenship. As such, women not only call for an austere equality to men in the broadest sense of the term, but also for access to key positions in the society mainly through access to the means of production1 (El Yaagoubi, 2012: 33). The idea that women are landowners has become an in-vogue question. It is possible to say that women are heading towards building a social class that is becoming more voluble and visible. A reform of their tenure status is imperative bearing in mind that land property is directly associated with power. It is therefore appropriate that legal regimes of different land statuses take into consideration the benefits of this category given the fact that women constitute more than half of the population.

Tenure Status in Life Cycle Cohorts in Poland

Poland is characterized by a relatively high level of homeowners (84% of population in 2018). The preference for ownership, as well as financial possibilities, are not balanced throughout the entire life cycle of a household. The scale of these differences, as well as the tendency to change over time, remains unknown. The subject of conducted research is to indicate how the structure of the tenure status of Poles changes over the life cycle of a household. This publication proposes the division of the household life cycle into the stages of formation, stabilization and reduction. The research on the structure of the tenure status of Poles was conducted for the period of 2006-2018. The analysis showed that, while the share of owner-occupiers increased significantly in Poland in the years 2006-2018, at the stage of forming a household rent begins to prevail. What is more, young people are more likely to choose market rent, and relocation to private housing is associated with having children or getting married. At the same time, there is no tendency to relocate to rented flats at the stage of household reduction in Poland.

Correction to: Housing Affordability, Housing Tenure Status and Household Density: Are Housing Characteristics Associated with Union Dissolution?

A correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10680-021-09587-z

Organisations as Computing Systems

Organisations are computing systems. The university’s sports centre is a computing system for managing sports teams and facilities. The tenure committee is a computing system for assigning tenure status. Despite an increasing number of publications in group ontology, the computational nature of organisations has not been recognised. The present paper is the first in this debate to propose a theory of organisations as groups structured for computing. I begin by describing the current situation in group ontology and by spelling out the thesis in more detail. I then present the example of a sports centre to illustrate why one might intuitively think of organisations as computing systems. To substantiate the thesis, I introduce Piccinini’s restrictive analysis of physical computation. As I show, organisations meet all criteria for being computing systems. Organisations are structured groups with the function of manipulating medium-independent vehicles according to rules. Furthermore, I argue for the modal claim that this is a necessary feature of organisations. Having sketched the computational account of organisations, I compare it to other proposals in the literature.

Land Tenure Insecurity Constrains Cropping System Investment in the Jordan Valley of the West Bank

The annual income of small-scale farmers in the Jordan Valley, West Bank, Palestine remains persistently low compared to other sectors. The objective of this study was therefore to explore some of the main barriers to reducing poverty and increasing farm income in the region. A “Rural Household Multi-Indicator Survey” (RHoMIS) was conducted with 248 farmers in the three governorates of the Jordan Valley. The results of the survey were verified in a series of stakeholder interviews and participatory workshops where farmers and stakeholders provided detailed insight with regard to the relationships between land tenure status, farm management, and poverty. The analyses of the data revealed that differences in cropping system were significantly associated with land tenure status, such that rented land displayed a greater proportion of open field cropping, while owned land and sharecropping tenure status displayed greater proportions of production systems that require greater initial investment (i.e., perennial and greenhouse). Moreover, as confirmed by a structural equation model and the interviews and workshops these associations led to significant differences in farm income and progress out of poverty index scores. However, while sharecropping farms enjoyed the benefits of being able to invest in longer-term, more profitable farming strategies, questions were raised regarding the sustainability of these farms as well as the vulnerability of the farming households that manage the land. We concluded that small-scale agricultural development in the Jordan Valley relies on farming households achieving more secure land tenure and that rural development agencies should prioritise farming households that rent land and practice open field cropping systems within their projects and programmes.

PERBANDINGAN PENDAPATAN PETANI PADI SAWAH BERDASARKAN ETNIS DAN STATUS PENGUASAAN LAHAN DI DUMOGA KABUPATEN BOLAANG MONGONDOW

The purpose of this study was to determine the comparison of the income of rice farmers based on: (1) land tenure status and (2) ethnicity in Dumoga Bolaang Mongondow Regency. Primary data collection in this study was in the form of data obtained from the results of direct interviews with farmers from each ethnic group of Bolaang-Mongondow, Minahasa, Bali and Java. Secondary data were obtained from documents from related institutions and journal articles and documents from libraries and the internet relating to the title of this study. Determination of the location of the study was done intentionally (purposive sampling) that is the area that is the center of the rice paddy plants. Sampling was done accidentally (accidently sampling) to the owner's farmers, tenant farmers, and tenant farmers based on land tenure and ethnicity status. Each ethnic of paddy rice farmers in the location was taken by 15 respondents so that the total number of respondents from all ethnic groups was 60 respondent farmers. The calculated variables are land area, total production, fixed costs and variable costs, revenue and income. To analyze the comparison of rice income based on ethnicity and land tenure status of rice farmers. Data analysis in the form of acceptance, income and descriptive analysis. The results showed the largest amount of income based on the status of land ownership owned by farmers in each ethnic owner. The biggest income based on ethnicity is owned by rice farmers who come from Ethnic Mongondow.*eprm*