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2022 ◽  
Vol 1 (6) ◽  
pp. 135-148
Author(s):  
Rachmat Hidayat ◽  
Joko Marwoto ◽  
Lusia Hayati

All body functions depend on cell integrity. Therefore, understanding cell biology is intrinsically important for understanding disease. A vast amount of information reveals how the cell behaves like an organism with many social cells. At the heart of cell biology is cell communication—how messages originate and are transmitted, received, interpreted, and used by cells. This efficient communication between, and within the cell maintains the function of the cell and its specialization. Intercellular signals enable each cell to determine its position and specific role. Cells must demonstrate a "chemical preference" for other cells and the environment that surrounds them to maintain the integrity of the whole organism. When they no longer tolerate this preference, the conversation ends and the cell adapts (sometimes changes in function) or becomes vulnerable to isolation, injury, illness, or even death. This review explains the function of each component in the cell and its role in life.


2022 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Scott-Fordsmand ◽  
L. F. Fraceto ◽  
M. J. B. Amorim

AbstractNature contains many examples of “fake promises” to attract “prey”, e.g., predatory spiders that emit the same sex-attractant-signals as moths to catch them at close range and male spiders that make empty silk-wrapped gifts in order to mate with a female. Nano-pesticides should ideally mimic nature by luring a target and killing it without harming other organisms/species. Here, we present such an approach, called the lunch-box or deadly-goodies approach. The lunch-box consists of three main elements (1) the lure (semio-chemicals anchored on the box), (2) the box (palatable nano-carrier), and (3) the kill (advanced targeted pesticide). To implement this approach, one needs to draw on the vast amount of chemical ecological knowledge available, combine this with recent nanomaterial techniques, and use novel advanced pesticides. Precision nano-pesticides can increase crop protection and food production whilst lowering environmental impacts. Graphical Abstract


2022 ◽  
pp. 526-547
Author(s):  
Francesca De Chiara ◽  
Maurizio Napolitano

Volunteered geographic information (VGI) platforms generate crowdsourced layers where a vast amount of shared and shareable geo-information is available. Monitoring the informative reliability of these sources is an important task, and the main VGI project, OpenStreetMap is a good testing ground to investigate how the collective intelligence made of users' networks creates public knowledge. OpenStreetMap (OSM) can be defined as a language of representation of real geographical entities shared as web maps. Mappers often work in solitude, but they stick to and strictly respect the rules given by their community. The aim is to create a geographical database used by anyone for any purpose. The chapter explores the following questions: How many contributors are there? Where are they and what do they collect? What are the interactions between them? The chapter illustrates what can be read from the OSM data, the available tools, and what could help researchers to understand this community.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffroy Dubourg-Felonneau ◽  
Shahab Shams ◽  
Eyal Akiva ◽  
Lawrence Lee

We present a method to provide a biologically meaningful representation of the space of protein sequences. While billions of protein sequences are available, organizing this vast amount of information into functional categories is daunting, time-consuming and incomplete. We present our unsupervised approach that combines Transformer protein language models, UMAP graphs, and spectral clustering to create meaningful clusters in the protein spaces. To demonstrate the meaningfulness of the clusters, we show that they preserve most of the signal present in a dataset of manually curated enzyme protein families.


2021 ◽  
pp. 11-17
Author(s):  
Leena El-Ali

AbstractThe traditional collections of hadith we have inherited were begun and completed roughly 200 and 300 years after the Prophet’s death, respectively. There was a vast amount of information to wade through—literally hundreds of thousands of reports. The compilers’ focus was on authenticating a report’s chain of transmission, not on assessing or validating its content. Many hadiths were included that the compilers openly acknowledged were unreliable, usually labelling them as such on a descriptive scale involving terms such as “weak” or “acceptable but unusual”. By contrast, the verses of the Qur’an were being memorised and written down on parchments as they were being revealed over the course of the 23 years of revelation, i.e. during Muhammad’s lifetime, and were compiled into a single volume just two years after his death in the year 632.


2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 14
Author(s):  
Ignacio D. Lopez-Miguel

In the era of big data, a vast amount of data are being produced. This results in two main issues when trying to discover knowledge from these data. There is a lot of information that is not relevant to the problem we want to solve, and there are many imperfections and errors in the data. Therefore, preprocessing these data is a key step before applying any kind of learning algorithm. Reducing the number of features to a relevant subset (feature selection) and reducing the possible values of continuous variables (discretisation) are two of the main preprocessing techniques. This paper will review different methods for completing these two steps, focusing on the big data context and giving examples of projects where they have been applied.


Author(s):  
Sathiyamoorthi V. ◽  
T. Nadana Ravishankar ◽  
Ilavarasi A. K. ◽  
Sridhar Udayakumar ◽  
Karthikeyan Harimoorthy ◽  
...  

Reviewing and buying the right goods from online websites is growing day by day in today's fast internet environment. Numerous goods in the same label are available to consumers. It is thus a difficult job for consumers to pick up the correct commodity at a decent price under different market conditions. Therefore, it is important for owners of online shopping websites to better understand their customers' needs and offer better services. For these reasons, the access log documented a vast amount of data related to user interactions with the websites. This access log therefore plays a key role in predicting user access trends and in recommending the best product to consumers. This research work therefore focuses on one such methodology for evaluating the pattern and behavioral analysis of users in e-commerce websites.


2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 54-59
Author(s):  
Mahdi H. Miraz ◽  
Peter S. Excell ◽  
Khan Sobayel

Following the footprints of Bitcoins, many other cryptocurrencies were developed mostly adopting the same or similar Proof-of-Work (PoW) approach. Since completing the PoW puzzle requires extremely high computing power, consuming a vast amount of electricity, PoW has been strongly criticised for its antithetic stand against the notion of green computing. Use of application-specific hardware, particularly application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) has further fuelled the debate, as these devices are of no use once they become “legacy” and hence obsolete to compete in the mining race, thus contributing to electronics waste. Therefore, this paper surveys the currently available alternative approaches to PoW and evaluates their applicability - especially their appropriateness in terms of greenness.


2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (Special Issue) ◽  
pp. 151-151
Author(s):  
Dario Sacchini ◽  
◽  
Pietro Refolo ◽  
Antonio G. Spagnolo ◽  
◽  
...  

"Introduction. The recent introduction of extremely effective drugs in treating diseases, but associated with exorbitant costs raised several issues in terms of distributive justice. However, in this debate justice is widely thought in intragenerational terms. The work will explore the concept of intergenerational health care justice, in particular the argument, often used to justify the introduction of this type of drugs, according to which the vast amount of money spent now will allow to have savings in the long run. The recent introduction of some drugs that are extremely effective in treating diseases but associated with exorbitant costs, raised several issues in terms of distributive justice. However, in this debate justice is widely thought in intragenerational terms. Methods: A review of key documents on intergenerational justice was conducted, followed by a nonsystematic review of peer-reviewed and gray literature. The existing material was analyzed and a draft manuscript was prepared and discussed. Some experts carried out the revision of the manuscript until consensus was reached. Results: The concept of intergenerational health care justice has never been well explored. From an intergenerational point of view, the argument – which is often supported by pharmaco-economic evaluations – according to which the vast amount of money spent now for this type of drugs will allow to have savings in the long run is not in itself coherent with the main theories of justice. Conclusions: Considerations that are extrinsic to the assumptions of the main theories of justice are needed in order to justify the argument above. "


2021 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 65-94
Author(s):  
Tingting He

Abstract Money donation and time donation, as charitable donations from individuals to organizations, are two forms of prosocial behavior that have been increasingly studied in recent years. Despite the vast amount of research about money and/or time donation, however, only limited work has been done on reviewing the research on these two forms of charitable donations as comparable or parallel entities. In this paper, we seek to help fill this gap by reviewing the existing research. We applied the backwards and forwards snowballing technique to arrive at a review sample of 39 experimental papers published in 2000–2020 that have compared money and time donation, or at least analyzed them as two parallel entities. We examine the issues that are predominantly considered in these experimental papers and summarize the general directions of their findings. We also point out certain gaps in the existing literature and posit some potentially fruitful directions for future experimental research regarding money and time donation.


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