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2022 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuri Shur ◽  
Daniel Fortier ◽  
M. Torre Jorgenson ◽  
Mikhail Kanevskiy ◽  
Lutz Schirrmeister ◽  
...  

Since the discovery of frozen megafauna carcasses in Northern Siberia and Alaska in the early 1800s, the Yedoma phenomenon has attracted many Arctic explorers and scientists. Exposed along coastal and riverbank bluffs, Yedoma often appears as large masses of ice with some inclusions of sediment. The ground ice particularly mystified geologists and geographers, and they considered sediment within Yedoma exposures to be a secondary and unimportant component. Numerous scientists around the world tried to explain the origin of Yedoma for decades, even though some of them had never seen Yedoma in the field. The origin of massive ice in Yedoma has been attributed to buried surface ice (glaciers, snow, lake ice, and icings), intrusive ice (open system pingo), and finally to ice wedges. Proponents of the last hypothesis found it difficult to explain a vertical extent of ice wedges, which in some cases exceeds 40 m. It took over 150 years of intense debates to understand the process of ice-wedge formation occurring simultaneously (syngenetically) with soil deposition and permafrost aggregation. This understanding was based on observations of the contemporary formation of syngenetic permafrost with ice wedges on the floodplains of Arctic rivers. It initially was concluded that Yedoma was a floodplain deposit, and it took several decades of debates to understand that Yedoma is of polygenetic origin. In this paper, we discuss the history of Yedoma studies from the early 19th century until the 1980s—the period when the main hypotheses of Yedoma origin were debated and developed.


2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Evgeny Vershinin ◽  
Georgy Vizgalov

The reason that prompted the authors to write this article was an archaeological artifact (found in 2009 during excavations of the Mangazeya settlement) in the form of a pine tablet with Cyrillic letters carved on it. The analysis of the inscription demonstrates that it was neither an educational text nor a meaningless set of letters. This was a completely coherent document, called “a debt bondage” (Rus. кабала) in the seventeenth century and earlier and “a promissory note” later. The document refers to private legal acts, but due to the absence of surnames and the names of witnesses confirming its contents, it is difficult to consider this promissory note a completed legal act. The appearance and content of the tablet refer to similar private legal acts from the northwest of Russia (Veliky Novgorod and Pskov) and demonstrate certain archaic features. This proves the survivability of northern Russian culture in colonised northern Siberia (where for obvious reasons there was a deficit of paper, an already common material in the seventeenth century). The promissory note from Mangazeya is a sample of everyday writing, a rather archaic form of private legal act that existed in the Novgorodian north long before the start of the Russian colonisation of Siberia.


2021 ◽  
Vol 259 ◽  
pp. 106913
Author(s):  
Marianne Dehasque ◽  
Patrícia Pečnerová ◽  
Héloïse Muller ◽  
Alexei Tikhonov ◽  
Pavel Nikolskiy ◽  
...  

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhaomin Ding ◽  
Renguang Wu

AbstractThis study investigates the impact of sea ice and snow changes on surface air temperature (SAT) trends on the multidecadal time scale over the mid- and high-latitudes of Eurasia during boreal autumn, winter and spring based on a 30-member ensemble simulations of the Community Earth System Model (CESM). A dynamical adjustment method is used to remove the internal component of circulation-induced SAT trends. The leading mode of dynamically adjusted SAT trends is featured by same-sign anomalies extending from northern Europe to central Siberia and to the Russian Far East, respectively, during boreal spring and autumn, and confined to western Siberia during winter. The internally generated component of sea ice concentration trends over the Barents-Kara Seas contributes to the differences in the thermodynamic component of internal SAT trends across the ensemble over adjacent northern Siberia during all the three seasons. The sea ice effect is largest in autumn and smallest in winter. Eurasian snow changes contribute to the spread in dynamically adjusted SAT trends as well around the periphery of snow covered region by modulating surface heat flux changes. The snow effect is identified over northeast Europe-western Siberia in autumn, north of the Caspian Sea in winter, and over eastern Europe-northern Siberia in spring. The effects of sea ice and snow on the SAT trends are realized mainly by modulating upward shortwave and longwave radiation fluxes.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prokushkin Anatoly ◽  
Novenko Elena ◽  
Kupryanov Dmitry ◽  
Serikov Sergey

<p>Palsa peatlands are a significant carbon pool in Northern hemisphere which is subjected to change due to accelerated permafrost thaw and peat decomposition with progressing global warming. On the other hand, peat deposits of palsas serve as an important conduit of information about variability of environment conditions in the past millennia and respective vegetation changes. In our study we applied the multi-proxy record to distinguish variation in hydrothermal regimes of palsa peatland in Northern Siberia and to trace the likely diagenetic alteration of accumulated peat.</p><p>The study site is located 10 km North-East of Igarka settlement (67<sup>o</sup>31’ N, 86<sup>o</sup>38’E) within the area underlain discontinuous permafrost. The peat core was obtained in the central intact part of elevated (ca. > 3.5 m above surrounding hollows) dry hummock. The active layer, thawed seasonally layer, at the coring site was about 0.6 m. The entire depth of peat deposit was 8.6 m, but interrupted with several relatively thin (0.1-0.2 m) ice-rich lenses. Thawed and frozen peat samples of 0.5-5.0 cm thickness (mean = 2.8 cm) were collected at 2.5-12.0 cm step (mean =5.4 cm) depending on the amount of peat material. Collected samples (n = 160) after drying at 60<sup>o</sup>C for 48 h were subjected to the analysis for C and N content, stable isotopic composition of C and N. These measurements will further accompany radiocarbon dating, loss on ignition, plant macrofossil and macro charcoal analyses.</p><p>The analyzed 8.6 m deep peat core demonstrated the large variation of C (17.3-54.7%) and N (0.37-3.26 %) contents as well as C:N ratios (14-134). The isotopic depth profile was in the range from -24.51 to -34.31 ‰ for d<sup>13</sup>C and from -1.77 to 6.96 ‰ for d<sup>15</sup>N. The highest enrichment in <sup>15</sup>N (2.69±1.60 ‰ d<sup>15</sup>N) was found in seasonally thawed layer (≤0.6 m). A layer close to the bottom (6.9-8.3 m) contained peat the most depleted by <sup>13</sup>C (<-30 ‰ d<sup>13</sup>C). Meanwhile, along the peat profile depth we detected significant fluctuations in these parameters suggesting the different periods with specific environmental conditions.</p><p>Further combined with radiocarbon dating and plant macrofossil analyses we will attempt to capture the changes occurred during the past epochs in an input matter (vegetation changes and/or its productivity), decomposition rates as well as hydrothermal regimes and permafrost processes like aggradation (e.g. hummock uplift and cryoturbation) and degradation (e.g. hummock collapse, shifts from minerotrophic to ombrotrohic conditions and vice versa).</p><p>This work was supported by the Russian Science Foundation, project № 20-17-00043.</p>


Author(s):  
Irina Khomchenkova

This paper investigates the variety of Russian spoken by the Nganasans, basing on the Nganasan Russian subcorpus of narratives from the larger corpus of contact-influenced Russian speech of Russian Far East and Northern Siberia. The study focuses on morphosyntactic phenomena, namely peculiarities in noun and verbal inflection, verbal derivation, preposition drop, non-standard verb argument encoding, gender disagreement and some others, that presumably are contact-induced – they could be explained by direct structural copying (with clear parallels in Nganasan) or by incomplete acquisition of Russian (with no clear parallels in Nganasan). The second aim of this paper is to speculate as to whether the varieties of Russian spoken in the 1990s (when the audiofiles were collected) by the Nganasans form a post-pidgin continuum, with Govorka as the basilect and Standard Russian as the acrolect. Kokkuvõte. Irina Xomtšenkova: Kontaktist tingitud jooned nganassaanide venekeelses kõnes. Selles artiklis uuritakse nganassaanide kõneldavat vene keele varianti. Töö põhineb narratiividel, mis on pärit suuremast Venemaa Lähis-Ida ja Põhja-Siberi suulise vene keele korpusest, mis sisaldab just kontaktist mõjutatud vene keele näiteid, sealhulgas ka nganassaanide kõneldud vene keele allkorpust. Uurimus keskendub morfosüntaktilistele nähtustele, sealhulgas eripäradele noomenite ja verbide inflektsioonis, verbituletuses, prepositsioonide väljajätus, mittestandardses verbi argumentide kodeerimises, soo mitteühildumises jms, mis on eeldatavasti kontaktist tulenevad – neid võib seletada otsese strukturaalse kopeerimisega (otsesed paralleelid nganassaani keeles) või vene keele mittetäieliku omandamisega (ilma otseste paralleelideta nganassaani keeles). Uurimuse teine eesmärk on spekuleerida, kas 1990ndatel kogutud keelenäidete põhjal moodustavad selleaegsed nganassaanide kõneldud vene keele variandid pidžini-järgse kontiinumi, milles govorka ehk Taimõri poolsaare pidžinvene keel on vähemprestiižne keelevariant ja vene kirjakeel on prestiižne keelevariant. Аннотация. Ирина Хомченкова: Интерференция в русской речи нганасанов. Данная статья представляет обзор русского языка нганасанов, основанный на нганасанском подкорпусе нарративов из корпуса контактно- обусловленной русской речи билингвов – носителей малых языков Севера Сибири и Дальнего Востока. Исследование сфокусировано на морфосинтаксических феноменах, а именно нестандартности в именном и глагольном словоизменении, глагольном словообразовании, на опущении предлогов, нестандартном кодировании аргументов глагола, рассогласовании по роду и некоторых других, которые предположительно контактно обусловлены – их употребление может быть объяснено либо с помощью прямого структурного копирования (с явными параллелями в нганасанском), либо с помощью неполного усвоения русского (без явных параллелей в нганасанском). Вторая цель работы – это обсуждение того, образуют ли варианты русского языка нганасанов в 1990-х гг. (когда были записаны аудиозаписи) постпиджинный континуум, где говорка является базилектом, а стандартный русский – акролектом.  


BMC Genetics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (S1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Roza Pavlovna Tiis ◽  
Ludmila Pavlovna Osipova ◽  
Daria Veniaminovna Lichman ◽  
Elena Nikolaevna Voronina ◽  
Maxim Leonidovich Filipenko

Abstract Background N-acetyltransferase 2 plays a crucial role in the metabolism of a wide range of xenobiotics, including many drugs, carcinogens, and other chemicals in the human environment. The article presents for the first time data on the frequency of two important “slow” variants of NAT2 gene (NAT2*5, rs1801280 and NAT2*7, rs1799931), which significantly affect the rate of xenobiotics acetylation, among representatives of indigenous populations of Forest and Tundra Nenets in Northern Siberia. The aim of this study was to identify the frequencies of these variants and compare them with frequencies in other ethnic populations. Results NAT2*5 (T341C) genotyping revealed frequencies of 28,0% and 38,6% for Tundra and Forest Nenets, respectively. The frequencies of NAT2*7 (G857A) variant were 9,8% and 8,2% for Tundra and Forest Nenets, respectively. Polymorphic variants frequencies for Nenets are intermediate between those in populations of Europeans and Asians. These results can probably be explained by the presence of both European and Asian components in Nenets gene pools. Conclusions The results of this study expand the knowledge of NAT2 polymorphism in world populations. These data may also help assess the genetic predisposition of Nenets to multifactorial diseases associated with polymorphism in the NAT2 gene and, in general, contribute to the development of personalized medicine in reference to native people of Siberia.


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