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2022 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yaxuan Wang ◽  
Guoyan Qi ◽  
Ying Yang

Objectives: To investigate the clinical features of patients with myasthenia gravis complicated with and without hyperthyroidism. Methods: A total of 2083 patients with myasthenia gravis (MG) admitted in Center of Treatment of Myasthenia Gravis Hebei Province between January 2013 and July 2020 were retrospectively analyzed and divided into two groups: Group-A and Group-B, with 108 MG patients complicated with hyperthyroidism in Group-A and 1975 MG patients without thyroid disease in Group-B. The age of onset, gender, Osserman classification, acetylcholine receptor antibody and thymus status of the two groups were analyzed in the two groups. Independent-sample t test was used for intra-group comparison, and χ2 test was utilized for comparison of enumeration data. P<0.05 indicates a statistically significant difference. Results: The age of onset in Group-A was significantly lower than that in Group-B (p=0.000), the number of female patients was significantly higher than that in Group-B (p=0.037), and the level of Achrabs titer was significantly lower than that in Group-B (p=0.000). The incidence of thymoma in Group-A was significantly lower than that in Group-B (p=0.012), while the incidence of thymic hyperplasia was significantly higher than that in Group-B (p=0.000). Conclusion: Patients with MG complicated with hyperthyroidism are mainly female, with a lower age of onset, a lower level of acetylcholine receptor antibody, a lower incidence of thymoma, and a higher incidence of thymic hyperplasia. The clinical features of such patients are remarkably different from those of MG without thyroid disease. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.38.3.4656 How to cite this:Wang Y, Qi G, Yang Y. Analysis of clinical features of myasthenia gravis complicated with hyperthyroidism. Pak J Med Sci. 2022;38(3):---------. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.38.3.4656 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.


2022 ◽  
Vol 10 (A) ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Riki Sukiandra ◽  
Eti Yerizel ◽  
Yuliarni Syafrita ◽  
Eryati Darwin

BACKGROUND: Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and inducible Nitric oxide Synthase (iNOS) have an effect on neuropathic pain in the inflammatory process in peripheral nerve injuries. AIM: This study aims to examine the effect of anti-IL-6 receptor antibody on IL-6 and iNOS levels as a consideration for the treatment of neuropathic pain in a rat model of peripheral nerve injury. METHODS: Twenty-eight young adult male Wistar rats were treated for peripheral nerve injury and then divided into two groups. Fourteen treatment groups (Group P) were given anti-IL-6 receptor antibody by injection at a dose of 100 g/day by injection into the saphenous vein in the rat’s leg for 3 days. In both groups, the serum IL-6 and iNOS levels were assessed on the 3rd day after administration of anti-IL-6 receptor antibody in group P, using the sandwich ELISA method. RESULTS: The results showed that the administration of anti-IL-6 receptor antibody did not have a significant effect on reducing IL-6 and iNOS levels in group P (p > 0.05). Administration of anti-IL-6 receptor antibody had more effect on IL-6 levels on iNOS levels, where a decrease in IL-6 levels caused a decrease in iNOS levels in group P (p = 0.004 and r = 0.693). CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that the present administration of anti-IL-6 receptor antibody cannot be considered as a treatment for neuropathic pain in peripheral nerve injuries, but can be used to influence IL-6 levels on iNOS levels.


Molecules ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 261
Author(s):  
Madeeha Shahzad Lodhi ◽  
Fatima Khalid ◽  
Muhammad Tahir Khan ◽  
Zahoor Qadir Samra ◽  
Shabbir Muhammad ◽  
...  

Therapeutic effects of anticancer medicines can be improved by targeting the specific receptors on cancer cells. Folate receptor (FR) targeting with antibody (Ab) is an effective tool to deliver anticancer drugs to the cancer cell. In this research project, a novel formulation of targeting drug delivery was designed, and its anticancer effects were analyzed. Folic acid-conjugated magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) were used for the purification of folate receptors through a novel magnetic affinity purification method. Antibodies against the folate receptors and methotrexate (MTX) were developed and characterized with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blot. Targeting nanomedicines (MNP-MTX-FR Ab) were synthesized by engineering the MNP with methotrexate and anti-folate receptor antibody (anti-FR Ab). The cytotoxicity of nanomedicines on HeLa cells was analyzed by calculating the % age cell viability. A fluorescent study was performed with HeLa cells and tumor tissue sections to analyze the binding efficacy and intracellular tracking of synthesized nanomedicines. MNP-MTX-FR Ab demonstrated good cytotoxicity along all the nanocomposites, which confirms that the antibody-coated medicine possesses the potential affinity to destroy cancer cells in the targeted drug delivery process. Immunohistochemical approaches and fluorescent study further confirmed their uptake by FRs on the tumor cells’ surface in antibody-mediated endocytosis. The current approach is a useful addition to targeted drug delivery for better management of cancer therapy along with immunotherapy in the future.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marian Galovic ◽  
Adam Al-Diwani ◽  
Umesh Vivekananda ◽  
Francisco Torrealdea ◽  
Kjell Erlandsson ◽  
...  

AbstractIn N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antibody encephalitis, NMDAR-autoantibodies are hypothesised to cause prominent neuropsychiatric symptoms by internalizing NMDARs. However, supporting evidence comes chiefly from in vitro and rodent data with scant direct evidence from affected humans. Here, we used in vivo positron emission tomography (PET) with [18F]GE-179 to show a mean 30% reduction of the density of open, activated NMDARs in grey matter of persistently NMDAR-autoantibody seropositive patients following NMDAR-antibody encephalitis compared to healthy controls. The reduction was most prominent in the anterior temporal and superior parietal cortices. These patients had normal structural MRIs and mild residual symptoms. In contrast, one symptom-free patient who recovered from NMDAR-antibody encephalitis and was not NMDAR-autoantibody seropositive had normal density of active NMDARs. These findings reveal a functional deficit of open, activated NMDARs in humans with NMDAR-autoantibodies. Moreover, we observed a functional NMDAR deficit for up to 8 months following the disease peak, despite only mild residual symptoms, highlighting the considerable compensatory capacity of the human brain.One Sentence SummaryReductions of activated NMDA receptors detected in vivo in female patients following NMDA-receptor-antibody encephalitis.


Neurology ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 10.1212/WNL.0000000000013121
Author(s):  
Richard J Nowak ◽  
Christopher S. Coffey ◽  
Jonathan M. Goldstein ◽  
Mazen M. Dimachkie ◽  
Michael Benatar ◽  
...  

OBJECTIVE:To determine whether rituximab is safe and potentially beneficial, warranting further investigation in an efficacy trial for acetylcholine receptor antibody-positive generalized MG (AChR-Ab+ gMG).METHODS:The B-Cell Targeted Treatment in MG (BeatMG) study was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter phase-2 trial that utilized a futility design. Individuals 21-90 years of age, with AChR-Ab+ gMG (MG Foundation of America Class II-IV) and receiving prednisone ≥15 mg/day were eligible. The primary outcome was a measure of steroid-sparing effect, defined as the proportion achieving ≥75% reduction in mean daily prednisone dose in the 4-weeks prior to week 52 and with clinical improvement or no significant worsening as compared to the 4-week period prior to randomization. The co-primary outcome was safety. Secondary outcomes included MG-specific clinical assessments. Fifty-two individuals were randomized (1:1) to either a two-cycle rituximab/placebo regimen, with follow-up through 52-weeks.RESULTS:Of the 52 participants included, mean (±SD) age at enrollment was 55.1 (±17.1) years; 23 (44.2%) were female, and 31 (59.6%) were MGFA Class II. The mean (±SD) baseline prednisone dose was 22.1 (±9.7) mg/day. The primary steroid-sparing outcome was achieved in 60% of those on rituximab vs. 56% on placebo. The study reached its futility endpoint (p=0.03) suggesting that the pre-defined clinically meaningful improvement of 30% due to rituximab over placebo was unlikely to be achieved in a subsequent, larger trial. No safety issues identified.CONCLUSIONS:While rituximab was safe and well-tolerated, these results suggest that there is a low probability of observing the defined clinically meaningful steroid-sparing effect over a 12-month period in a phase-3 trial of mild-moderately symptomatic AChR-Ab+ gMG.CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE:This study provides Class I evidence that for mild-to-moderate AChR-Ab+ gMG, compared with placebo, rituximab is safe but unlikely to reduce steroid use by an absolute difference of at least 30% at 1 year.TRIAL REGISTRATION:ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02110706


Author(s):  
Max C Petersen ◽  
Jonah M Graves ◽  
Tony Yao ◽  
Lutz Schomburg ◽  
Waldemar B Minich ◽  
...  

Abstract Autoantibodies to the insulin receptor are rare and typically cause severe insulin resistance and hyperglycemia, a condition termed type B insulin resistance. Uncommonly, antibodies to the insulin receptor can cause hypoglycemia. We present the case of a woman who developed recurrent severe hypoglycemia and myopathy, was found to have insulin receptor autoantibodies and mixed connective tissue disease, and had resolution of hypoglycemia with immunosuppression. A 55-year-old woman with a history of obesity, hypertension, and prior hemorrhagic stroke presented with recurrent severe hypoglycemia. A diagnostic fast resulted in hypoinsulinemic hypoketotic hypoglycemia. Adrenal function was intact. Progressive myopathy had developed simultaneously with her hypoglycemia, and rheumatologic evaluation revealed mixed connective tissue disease. The plasma acylcarnitine profile was normal, extensive oncologic evaluation including IGF-2 measurement was unrevealing, and anti-insulin antibody testing was negative. Ultimately, anti-insulin receptor antibodies were found to be present. The patient was treated with glucocorticoids and rituximab. Eight weeks after initiation of immunosuppression, the insulin receptor antibody titer had decreased and hypoglycemia had resolved. Eight months after diagnosis, the patient remained free of severe hypoglycemia despite tapering of glucocorticoids to a near-physiologic dose. Though antibodies to the insulin receptor typically cause severe insulin resistance, this patient had no evidence of insulin resistance and instead presented with recurrent severe hypoglycemia, which responded to glucocorticoids and rituximab. The diagnosis of insulin receptor antibody-mediated hypoglycemia is rare but should be considered in patients with systemic autoimmune disease, including mixed connective tissue disease, in the appropriate clinical context.


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