chain formation
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2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas R. Cotton ◽  
Simon A. Cobbold ◽  
Jonathan P. Bernardini ◽  
Lachlan W. Richardson ◽  
Xiangyi S. Wang ◽  
...  

ALGAE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 285-298
Author(s):  
Chung Hyeon Lee ◽  
Juhee Min ◽  
Hyun-Gwan Lee ◽  
Kwang Young Kim

The amount of CO2 absorbed by the oceans continues to rise, resulting in further acidification, altering some functional traits of phytoplankton. To understand the effect of elevated partial pressures of CO2 (pCO2) on functional traits of dinoflagellates Alexandrium affine and A. pacificum, the cardinal temperatures and chain formation extent were examined under two pCO2 (400 and 1,000 μatm) over the range of temperature expected to be associated with growth. The growth rate and chain formation extent of A. affine increased with higher pCO2, showing significant changes in cardinal temperatures and a substantial increase in middle chain-length (4‒8 cells) fractionation under elevated pCO2 condition. By contrast, there were no significant differences in specific growth rate and any chain-length fractionation of A. pacificum between ambient and elevated pCO2 conditions. The observed interspecies variation in the functional traits may reflect differences in ability of species to respond to environmental change with plasticity. Moreover, it allows us to understand the shifting biogeography of marine phytoplankton and predict their phenology in the Korea Strait.


2021 ◽  
Vol MA2021-02 (35) ◽  
pp. 1962-1962
Author(s):  
Sunday Ajala ◽  
Harikrishnan Muraleedharan Jalajamony ◽  
Renny Edwin Fernandez

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Nuñez-Magos ◽  
J. Lira-Escobedo ◽  
R. Rodríguez-López ◽  
M. Muñoz-Navia ◽  
F. Castillo-Rivera ◽  
...  

The potential use of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) in biomedicine as magnetic resonance, drug delivery, imagenology, hyperthermia, biosensors, and biological separation has been studied in different laboratories. One of the challenges on MNP elaboration for biological applications is the size, biocompatibility, heat efficiency, stabilization in physiological conditions, and surface coating. Magnetoliposome (ML), a lipid bilayer of phospholipids encapsulating MNPs, is a system used to reduce toxicity. Encapsulated MNPs can be used as a potential drug and a gene delivery system, and in the presence of magnetic fields, MLs can be accumulated in a target tissue by a strong gradient magnetic field. Here, we present a study of the effects of DC magnetic fields on encapsulated MNPs inside liposomes. Despite their widespread applications in biotechnology and environmental, biomedical, and materials science, the effects of magnetic fields on MLs are unclear. We use a modified coprecipitation method to synthesize superparamagnetic nanoparticles (SNPs) in aqueous solutions. The SNPs are encapsulated inside phospholipid liposomes to study the interaction between phospholipids and SNPs. Material characterization of SNPs reveals round-shaped nanoparticles with an average size of 12 nm, mainly magnetite. MLs were prepared by the rehydration method. After formation, we found two types of MLs: one type is tense with SNPs encapsulated and the other is a floppy vesicle that does not show the presence of SNPs. To study the response of MLs to an applied DC magnetic field, we used a homemade chamber. Digitalized images show encapsulated SNPs assembled in chain formation when a DC magnetic field is applied. When the magnetic field is switched off, it completely disperses SNPs. Floppy MLs deform along the direction of the external applied magnetic field. Solving the relevant magnetostatic equations, we present a theoretical model to explain the ML deformations by analyzing the forces exerted by the magnetic field over the surface of the spheroidal liposome. Tangential magnetic forces acting on the ML surface result in a press force deforming MLs. The type of deformations will depend on the magnetic properties of the mediums inside and outside the MLs. The model predicts a coexistence region of oblate–prolate deformation in the zone where χ = 1. We can understand the chain formation in terms of a dipole–dipole interaction of SNP.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aniruddha Das ◽  
Pankaj Thapa ◽  
Ulises Santiago ◽  
Nilesh Shanmugam ◽  
Katarzyna Banasiak ◽  
...  

The E3 ubiquitin ligases CHIP/CHN-1 and UFD-2 team up to accelerate ubiquitin chain formation. However, it remained largely unclear how the high processivity of this E3 set is achieved. Here we studied the molecular mechanism and function of the CHN-1/UFD-2 complex in Caenorhabditis elegans. Our data show that UFD-2 binding promotes the cooperation between CHN-1 and ubiquitin-conjugating E2 enzymes by stabilizing the CHN-1 U-box dimer. The HSP-1 chaperone outcompetes UFD-2 for CHN-1 binding and promotes the auto-inhibited CHN-1 state by acting on the conserved position of the U-box domain. The interaction with UFD-2 enables CHN-1 to efficiently ubiquitinate S-Adenosylhomocysteinase (AHCY-1), an enzyme crucial for lipid metabolism. Our results define the molecular mechanism underlying the synergistic cooperation of CHN-1 and UFD-2 in substrate ubiquitylation.


2021 ◽  
Vol 527 ◽  
pp. 167693
Author(s):  
Heng Wu ◽  
Zhiqiang Xu ◽  
Jun Wang ◽  
Xinqian Bo ◽  
Zhifa Tang ◽  
...  

Author(s):  
Mahesh Chand ◽  
Ajay Shankar ◽  
Avinash Pratap Singh ◽  
Mohan Chandra Mathpal ◽  
Rajendra Prasad Pant ◽  
...  

AIP Advances ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 025243
Author(s):  
Dávid Fertig ◽  
Dezső Boda ◽  
István Szalai

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