enteric diseases
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Food Research ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-60
Author(s):  
A.A. Bahri ◽  
W.Z. Wan Abdullah ◽  
M.N. Lani ◽  
W. Salleh

Although vegetables are considered to be an essential part of a healthy diet, studies have shown that they can also represent a hazard for human health as they are usually eaten raw and receive minimal treatment. In recent years, vegetables are among the food groups associated with higher rates of recurrence and are the leading cause of enteric diseases. There is a colossal amount of data available on fresh produce worldwide; however, limited data are available regarding the microbiological quality of ulam in Malaysia. In fact, cross -contamination that occurs during minimal processing of ulam has not yet been studied. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the microbiological quality and the occurrence of Escherichia coli and Salmonella in ulam. A total of 32 samples of ulam were randomly collected from wet markets and supermarkets in Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia. The samples were analysed for enumeration of aerobic mesophilic bacteria, coliforms, yeast and moulds, Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes and detection of Escherichia coli and Salmonella. In this study, the microbiological quality of ulam were in the range of 6.36-8.83; 4.14-7.48; 0-8.16; 3.94-6.45 log10 CFU/g for aerobic mesophilic bacteria, coliforms, Salmonella and yeast and moulds, respectively. Escherichia coli and Salmonella were detected in 3.13% and 9.4% of ulam samples, respectively. The findings from the study are intended to provide insight into the potential health risks associated with the consumption of ulam. The strong interdisciplinary approach by various agencies and development of safe agricultural systems will ensure the delivery of safe vegetables to the end-users


Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 3014
Author(s):  
Hai-Yang Song ◽  
Kai-Sheng Wang ◽  
Jian-Fa Yang ◽  
Hua-Ming Mao ◽  
Li-Hua Pu ◽  
...  

Enterocytozoon bieneusi is a fungus-like protist parasite that can cause diarrhea and enteric diseases. The infection of E. bieneusi has been reported in many host species, including cattle and humans. However, information on prevalence and genotype distribution of E. bieneusi in dairy cattle in Yunnan province in China is still absent. In this study, 490 Holstein Cows and 351 dairy buffalo fecal samples were collected from three regions in Yunnan province, China. By using nest-PCR that targets the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), we found that the prevalence of E. bieneusi was 0.59% (5/841). DNA sequence analysis showed that five E. bieneusi genotypes were identified in this study, including two novel genotypes, YNDCEB-90 and YNDCEB-174, and three known genotypes (I, J, BEB4). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that two novel genotypes, YNDCEB-90 and YNDCEB-174, were clustered into Group 1, representing the zoonotic potential. The remaining genotypes I, J, and BEB4, which are the most frequent genotypes of E. bieneusi infection in cattle and lead to E. bieneusi infection in humans, belonged to Group 2. Although the lower prevalence of E. bieneusi was detected in dairy cattle in Yunnan province, it indicates that dairy cattle should be considered to be one of the potential hosts for transmitting E. bieneusi to humans. These findings are important for the development of effective prevention strategies for microsporidiosis.


2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 283-283
Author(s):  
Mariana Álvarez Pérez ◽  
Carolina Robles-Rodriguez ◽  
Laura González Dávalos ◽  
Armando Shimada ◽  
Alfredo Varela ◽  
...  

Abstract During the first and second weeks of life, calves are extremely susceptible to enteric diseases, their digestive tract is developing and their thermoregulation is not adequate; these being some factors that can contribute to the lack of their weight gain (Hulbert & Moisá, 2016). In addition, they have a reduced capacity to generate an innate and adaptive immune response, in other words, they are still not immunocompetent (Costa et al., 2017; Hulbert & Moisá, 2016), since they are born with all the essential immune components but many of them are not functional until calves are at least 2 to 4 weeks old (Chase et al., 2008). With the aim to identify the development of the innate immune response through the expression of MyD88, TRAF6, NFKB1, and NFKB1a mRNA, in different ages and regions of the digestive tract, qPCR tests were held. Twelve Zebu crossbred calves of 0, 7, 28, and 42 days of age were sampled (three animals of each age). Tissue samples included: rumen, duodenum, and ileum. Gene expression was determined by quantitative PCR (qPCR). Changes in the expression of TRAF6, NFKB1 and NFKB1a mRNA were different in rumen and ileum (P < 0.05) at day 28 of age. MYD88 mRNA expression was different only in ileum (P < 0.05). MyD88, TRAF6, NFKB1, and NFKB1a mRNA expression of rumen tended to decrease and in the case of ileum to increase with age; however, this was until day 28 and not in the first week of life, as mentioned by some other authors.


2021 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
Author(s):  

In 2016, a total of 44,455 notifications of enteric diseases potentially related to food were received by state and territory health departments in Australia. Consistent with previous years, campylobacteriosis (n = 24,171) and salmonellosis (n = 18,060) were the most frequently-notified infections. Notable increases in incidence were observed for shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (n = 343; 166% increase), shigellosis (n = 1,408; 93% increase), campylobacteriosis (33% increase) and salmonellosis (30% increase) when compared with the historical five-year mean. The extent to which the introduction of culture-independent testing as a method of diagnosis has contributed to these increases remains unclear. In total, 188 gastrointestinal outbreaks, including 177 foodborne outbreaks, were reported in 2016. The 11 non-foodborne outbreaks were due to environmental or probable environmental transmission (nine outbreaks) and animal-to-person or probable animal-to-person transmission (two outbreaks). No outbreaks of waterborne or probable waterborne transmission were reported in 2016. Foodborne outbreaks affected 3,639 people, resulting in at least 348 hospital admissions and four deaths. Eggs continue to be a source of Salmonella Typhimurium infection across the country: 35 egg-related outbreaks, affecting approximately 510 people, were reported across six jurisdictions in 2016. Three large multi-jurisdictional Salmonella outbreaks associated with mung bean sprouts (n = 419 cases); bagged salad products (n = 311 cases); and rockmelons (n = 144 cases) were investigated in 2016. These outbreaks highlight the risks associated with fresh raw produce and the ongoing need for producers, retailers and consumers to implement strategies to reduce potential Salmonella contamination.


2021 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-174
Author(s):  
Helio S Brito ◽  
Fernando Camargo Alencar ◽  
Benedito Albuquerque ◽  
Marcos G Silva ◽  
Mellanie KC Felix ◽  
...  

The iota toxin (ITX) is a binary enterotoxin produced as a protoxin by Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) type E that is activated by proteolytic enzymes in the small intestine of infected animals. By depolymerization of the actin filaments, ITX causes cytoskeleton disorganization of cells promoting the increase of the cell permeability. Here, we conducted this review aiming to advance the understanding of enteric clostridial diseases caused by C. perfringens toxins and the specificity of ITX in the intestinal mucosa lesions. ITX consists of an enzymatic component (Ia) and a binding component (Ib). We screened the recently published histological findings of the ITX effects and its relationship with intestinal enteric diseases. Histologically, hemorrhagic necrosis and multifocal hemorrhage have been observed in the jejunum-ileum mucosa, the small intestine, and the abomasum. Although the diagnosis is still based on the presence of toxins in the intestinal contents and the clinical and/or histological history, it is important to develop novel enterotoxemic indicators capable of establishing precise methods for differentiate the actions of ITX and other toxins involved in the infectious process of C. perfringens type E.


Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 2771
Author(s):  
Emina Rajković ◽  
Christiane Schwarz ◽  
David Tischler ◽  
Karl Schedle ◽  
Nicole Reisinger ◽  
...  

Enteric diseases in piglets, such as post-weaning diarrhea (PWD), often require antibiotic treatment of the entire litter. Grape polyphenols may help overcome PWD and thereby reduce the need for antibiotics. The potential of a grape extract (GE; continuous in-feed supplementation) on performance of weaning piglets, compared with both negative (NC; corn-based diet) and positive control (PC; NC + in-feed antibiotic (amoxicillin) in a therapeutic dosage for day 1–day 5 post weaning) was assessed. Apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) and microbial metabolites were also evaluated on two sampling points (day 27/28 and day 55/56). We assigned 180 weaning piglets (6.9 ± 0.1 kg body weight (BW)) to 6 male and 6 female pens per treatment with 5 piglets each. Animals from PC showed higher BW on day 13 compared with NC and GE, and a tendency for higher BW on day 56 (p = 0.080) compared to NC. Furthermore, PC increased the average daily feed intake in the starter phase (day 1–day 13), and the average daily gain in the early grower phase (day 14–day 24). Overall, GE improved the ATTD at the same level as PC (ash, acid-hydrolyzed ether extract), or at a higher level than PC (dry matter, organic matter, gross energy, crude protein, P). There were no effects on microbial metabolites apart from minor trends for lactic acid and ammonia. Dietary inclusion of GE may have beneficial effects compared to therapeutic antibiotics, as frequently used at weaning.


2021 ◽  
pp. 003335492110461
Author(s):  
Stephen G. Ladd-Wilson ◽  
Karim Morey ◽  
Lauren Turpen ◽  
Kara DeMarco ◽  
Gary Van Der Veen ◽  
...  

The Oregon Health Authority routinely investigates clusters of reportable enteric diseases identified by whole-genome sequencing. While investigating 2 cases of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in 2019, in which both patients were exposed to the same home-processed “jerky” and clinical isolates matched within 2 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), we discovered, by searching the National Library of Medicine’s National Center for Biotechnology Information website, 3 other cases of E coli O157:H7 from 3 Oregon counties—Tillamook, Umatilla, and Douglas—whose clinical isolates were within 9 SNPs of the 2 initial matched cases. We analyzed interview data for 3 case patients and followed up with additional hypothesis-generating questions. Onset of illness for the Tillamook, Umatilla, and Douglas county cases were October 7, 2017, October 27, 2017, and April 30, 2018, respectively. The median age of the 5 case patients was 16 years. Parents of 2 of the 5 case patients, each from a different county, had harvested deer approximately 20 miles from each other in the same Douglas County wildlife hunting unit in late September 2017. The case from Umatilla County was lost to follow-up. Although it is well documented that deer are a viable and substantial reservoir of E coli O157:H7, to our knowledge, this is the first time that venison from a common wildlife hunting unit was found to be associated with a cluster of illnesses. This finding suggests a geographic nidus for E coli O157:H7. We recommend routinely asking about wildlife hunting units when developing exposure hypotheses involving potential venison-associated clusters.


Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1573
Author(s):  
Carlo Corino ◽  
Alessia Di Giancamillo ◽  
Silvia Clotilde Modina ◽  
Raffaella Rossi

To ensure environmental sustainability, according to the European Green Deal and to boost the One Health concept, it is essential to improve animals’ health and adopt sustainable and natural feed ingredients. Over the past decade, prebiotics have been used as an alternative approach in order to reduce the use of antimicrobials, by positively affecting the gut microbiota and decreasing the onset of several enteric diseases in pig. However, dietary supplementation with seaweed polysaccharides as prebiotics has gained attention in recent years. Seaweeds or marine macroalgae contain several polysaccharides: laminarin, fucoidan, and alginates are found in brown seaweeds, carrageenan in red seaweeds, and ulvan in green seaweeds. The present review focuses on studies evaluating dietary seaweed polysaccharide supplementation in pig used as prebiotics to positively modulate gut health and microbiota composition.


Author(s):  
Ravit Bassal ◽  
Lital Keinan-Boker ◽  
Dani Cohen

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes COVID-19 and is mostly person-to-person transmitted through respiratory droplets. The implications of the strategies implemented to prevent COVID-19 transmission on other infectious diseases are unclear. We aimed to appraise trends in the incidence of salmonellosis, shigellosis and campylobacteriosis in Israel during COVID-19 pandemic. Positive stool samples for Salmonella, Shigella and Campylobacter are reported on a monthly basis to the Israel Center for Disease Control from sentinel laboratories, within the framework of a surveillance network of bacterial culture-proven enteric diseases. Age-adjusted incidence rates per 100,000 of shigellosis, salmonellosis and campylobacteriosis were calculated. Mean rates before and after the local onset of COVID-19 pandemic in Israel were compared and Relative Risk Reduction (RRR) was calculated. Joinpoint was used to evaluate secular trends. The mean age-adjusted incidence rate of shigellosis in March–July 2020 was lower than the rate observed in March–July 2018–2019 (RRR = 86.6%), but also decreased for salmonellosis (RRR = 33.0%) and campylobacteriosis (RRR = 30.0%). Using Joinpoint we have shown that the decrease observed for shigellosis was significantly sharper (Annual Percent Change (APC) = −77.7) between February 2020 and May 2020 than for salmonellosis (APC = −14.0) between July 2019 and April 2020 and for campylobacteriosis (APC = −1.1) between January 2018 and July 2020. The preventive measures applied to reduce transmission of COVID-19, including social distancing and hand washing, were ecologically associated with a decreased risk of bacterial enteric diseases in Israel. The association was strongest for shigellosis, a disease that is mostly person-to-person transmitted, as compared to salmonellosis and campylobacteriosis which are mostly foodborne transmitted.


Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 435
Author(s):  
Makoto Ujike ◽  
Fumihiro Taguchi

Torovirus (ToV) has recently been classified into the new family Tobaniviridae, although it belonged to the Coronavirus (CoV) family historically. ToVs are associated with enteric diseases in animals and humans. In contrast to CoVs, which are recognised as pathogens of veterinary and medical importance, little attention has been paid to ToVs because their infections are usually asymptomatic or not severe; for a long time, only one equine ToV could be propagated in cultured cells. However, bovine ToVs, which predominantly cause diarrhoea in calves, have been detected worldwide, leading to economic losses. Porcine ToVs have also spread globally; although they have not caused serious economic losses, coinfections with other pathogens can exacerbate their symptoms. In addition, frequent inter- or intra-recombination among ToVs can increase pathogenesis or unpredicted host adaptation. These findings have highlighted the importance of ToVs as pathogens and the need for basic ToV research. Here, we review recent progress in the study of ToV molecular biology including reverse genetics, focusing on the similarities and differences between ToVs and CoVs.


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