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2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Declan Bays ◽  
Emma Bennett ◽  
Thomas James Ronald Finnie

We recently described a simple model through which we assessed what effect subjecting travellers to a single on-arrival test might have on reducing risk of importing disease cases during simulated outbreaks of COVID-19, Influenza, SARS, and Ebola. We build upon this work to allow for the additional requirement that inbound travellers also undergo a period of self-isolation upon arrival, where upon completion the traveller is again tested for signs of infection prior to admission across the border. Prior results indicated that a single on-arrival test has the potential to detect 9% of travellers infected with COVID-19, compared to 35%, 10% and 3% for travellers infected with influenza, SARS, and Ebola respectively. Our extended model shows that testing administered after a 2-day isolation period may be able to detect up to 41%, 97%, 44% and 15% of COVID-19, Influenza, SARS, and Ebola infected travellers respectively. Longer self-isolation periods increase detection rates further, with an 8-day self-isolation period suggesting detection rates of up to 94%, 100%, 98% and 62% for travellers infected with COVID-19, Influenza, SARS, and Ebola respectively. These results therefore suggest that testing arrivals after an enforced period of self-isolation may present a reasonable method of protecting against case importation during international outbreaks.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Vialetto ◽  
Yanying Yu ◽  
Scott P. Collins ◽  
Katharina G. Wandera ◽  
Lars Barquist ◽  
...  

Immune systems must recognize and clear foreign invaders without eliciting autoimmunity. CRISPR-Cas immune systems in prokaryotes manage this task by following two criteria: extensive guide:target complementarity and a defined target-flanking motif. Here we report an additional requirement for RNA-targeting CRISPR-Cas13 systems: expression of the target transcript exceeding a threshold. This finding is based on targeting endogenous non-essential transcripts, which rarely elicited dormancy through collateral RNA degradation. Instead, eliciting dormancy required over-expressing targeted transcripts above a threshold. A genome-wide screen confirmed target expression levels as the principal determinant of cytotoxic autoimmunity and revealed that the threshold shifts with the guide:target pair. This expression threshold ensured defense against a lytic bacteriophage yet allowed tolerance of a targeted beneficial gene expressed from an invading plasmid. These findings establish target expression levels as a third criterion for immune activation by RNA-targeting CRISPR-Cas systems, buffering against autoimmunity and distinguishing pathogenic and benign invaders.


Author(s):  
Gabriel Martínez Vera

This paper discusses degree achievements cross-linguistically, focusing on the maximalization possibilities reported in the literature. I introduce a four-way typology where languages differ regarding whether they overtly mark (with lexical items) degree maximalization (i.e., the scale of the degree achievement is bounded in an event) and/or event maximalization (i.e., there is a unique maximal event in the denotation of the predicate), and account for the variation. The four types are represented by English, which does not overtly mark degree or event maximalization; Southern Aymara, which overtly marks degree but not event maximalization; Polish, which overtly marks event maximalization only; and Hungarian, which overtly marks event maximalization with an additional requirement regarding the presence of lexical maxima (if available). I provide tests to distinguish degree vs. event maximalization. My proposal is implemented in Beavers’s (2011, 2012) Figure/Path Relation model, making use of a restricted set of lexical items to account for the variation. I suggest that the typology examined is exhaustive, and discuss the variation in telicity contrasts that arise as a result of different maximalization possibilities.


2021 ◽  
Vol 180 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 151-177
Author(s):  
Qichao Wang

Weighted restarting automata have been introduced to study quantitative aspects of computations of restarting automata. In earlier works we studied the classes of functions and relations that are computed by weighted restarting automata. Here we use them to define classes of formal languages by restricting the weight associated to a given input word through an additional requirement. In this way, weighted restarting automata can be used as language acceptors. First, we show that by using the notion of acceptance relative to the tropical semiring, we can avoid the use of auxiliary symbols. Furthermore, a certain type of word-weighted restarting automata turns out to be equivalent to non-forgetting restarting automata, and another class of languages accepted by word-weighted restarting automata is shown to be closed under the operation of intersection. This is the first result that shows that a class of languages defined in terms of a quite general class of restarting automata is closed under intersection. Finally, we prove that the restarting automata that are allowed to use auxiliary symbols in a rewrite step, and to keep on reading after performing a rewrite step can be simulated by regular-weighted restarting automata that cannot do this.


2021 ◽  
Vol 246 ◽  
pp. 14002
Author(s):  
Åsa Wahlström ◽  
Mari-Liis Maripuu

This study has analysed which options would be appropriate to use as additional requirements to the main requirement of primary energy number in the new Swedish building regulations. The starting point is to ensure that buildings are built with good qualitative properties in terms of the building envelope so that low energy use can be maintained throughout the life of the building despite changes in installation systems or the building’s occupancy. The additional requirements should aim to minimize energy losses, i.e., to ensure that the building's total energy demand is low. The following possible additional requirements have been examined: net energy demand, net energy demand for heating, heat power demand, heat loss rate and average heat transfer coefficient. In order to ensure that the additional requirements will work as desired and to explore possibilities with, and identify the consequences of, the various proposals, calculations have been made for four different categories of buildings: single-family houses, apartment buildings, schools and offices. The results show that the suggested option net energy demand will not contribute to any additional benefits in relation to primary energy number. The other options analysed have both advantages and disadvantages and it is difficult to find a single additional requirement that fulfils all the pre-set demands.


2021 ◽  
pp. 123-139
Author(s):  
Olaf Toedter ◽  
Philipp Weber ◽  
Thomas Koch

Author(s):  
R.M. Heints

The article analyzes the definition of civil active capacity of natural persons, reveals the existing approaches in the doctrine to its definition and understanding of passive capacity to perform juristic act as an element of civil active capacity. The author positively perceives the position of the legislature on the formulation of the concept of civil active capacity through the term «ability», because the process of forming the will of natural persons has a biological nature and, accordingly, the basis for granting of natural persons an active capacity is its natural ability to adequately perceive and evaluate the surrounding reality, own actions, make independent decisions, implement them through own actions and be aware of the responsibility for such actions. Given that the basis of active capacity is the ability to independently perform legally significant lawful acts, the key element of active capacity is passive capacity to perform juristic act. According to the results of the study, the author proposes to classify all juristic act performing by a minor by the criterion of «coordination of their commission with parents (adopter) or trustees» into three groups: 1) juristic act that can be performing without the consent of parents (adopter) or trustees; 2) juristic act that can be performing with the consent of parents (adopter) or trustees; 3) juristic act that can be performing with the consent of parents (adopter) or trustees and with the permission of the guardianship authority. The consent of parents (adopter) or trustees to perform a juristic act by a minor should be considered as an additional requirement established by the legislature to the procedure of its performing by a minor and an additional guarantee to protect the interests of a minor who cannot fully assess the need to perform the juristic act and its legal consequences. According to the current legislation, the consent of the parents (adopter) or trustees to perform a juristic act by a minor may be made orally, for default, or in writing by a notarized form.


Author(s):  
Aiko Putri Marui ◽  
Rudy Surya

Third Place is an additional requirement needed by the people of South Meruya. Millennial and elderly population in South Meruya is the highest population there. Therefore this project is prioritized for them. And there are also problems with the relationship between the elderly and tenancy that are tenuous, due to differences in mindset and habits. Therefore the project which is located on Jalan Meruya Utara aims to provide various facilities that they can use together and can re-create a close relationship between them but this project also not only accepts millennials and the elderly but also all people from various social and age. In addition to being a gathering place, this project also provides various workshops or classes so that they can carry out activities together and communication can be formed because of the activity of chatting or exchanging ideas. It also provided a place for them to exercise for the benefit of elderly and millennial health. The method used in this paper is to study the Regions, Library. Based on the results of field surveys and literature, the similarities in the activities of the elderly and millennials are expected to be their joint activities. The results of the study were analyzed and synthesized in the form of designing an elderly and millennial interaction facility in South Meruya. Keywords:  elderly; millennials; third place Abstrak Third Place merupakan sebuah kebutuhan tambahan yang dibutuhkan masyarakat Meruya Selatan. Penduduk milenial dan lansia di Meruya Selatan merupakan jumlah penduduk yang tertinggi disana. Maka dari itu proyek ini diutamakan untuk mereka. Dan juga terdapat permasalahan hubungan antara lansia dan milenial yang renggang, karena perbedaan pola pikir dan kebiasaan. Maka dari itu proyek yang berada di Jalan Meruya Utara ini bertujuan untuk menyediakan berbagai fasilitas yang dapat mereka gunakan bersama-sama dan dapat menciptakan kembali hubungan yang erat antara mereka selain itu juga proyek ini tidak hanya menerima kaum milenial dan lansia tapi juga semua orang dari berbagai golongan sosial dan umur. Selain menjadi tempat berkumpul juga proyek ini menyediakan berbagai workshop atau kelas-kelas agar mereka dapat melakukan aktivitas-aktivitas bersama-sama dan dapat terbentuk komunikasi karena terjadinya aktivitas mengobrol ataupun bertukar pikiran. Selain itu juga disediakan tempat untuk mereka dapat berolahraga untuk kepentingan Kesehatan lansia maupun milenial. Metode yang digunakan dalam penulisan ini adalah dengan melakukan studi Kawasan, Pustaka. Berdasarkan hasil survei lapangan dan literatur dihasilkan kesamaan-kesamaan aktivitas kaum lansia dan milenial yang diharapkan dapat menjadi aktivitas bersama mereka. Hasil kajian tersebut dianalisis dan disintesiskan dalam wujud perancangan fasilitas interaksi kaum lansia dan milenial di Meruya Selatan.


2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  

• Vector (a quantity possessing both magnitude and direction, represented by an arrow the direction of which indicates the direction of the quantity and the length of which is proportional to the magnitude; such a quantity with the additional requirement that such quantities are to transform in a particular way under changes of the coordinate system). • Vectory (a Scandinavian company specialised in solutions incorporating inertial sensors). • Verticality (position at right angles to the horizon).


2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 342-378
Author(s):  
Aleš Bizjak ◽  
Rasmus Ejlers Møgelberg

AbstractWe present a new model of guarded dependent type theory (GDTT), a type theory with guarded recursion and multiple clocks in which one can program with and reason about coinductive types. Productivity of recursively defined coinductive programs and proofs is encoded in types using guarded recursion and can therefore be checked modularly, unlike the syntactic checks implemented in modern proof assistants. The model is based on a category of covariant presheaves over a category of time objects, and quantification over clocks is modelled using a presheaf of clocks. To model the clock irrelevance axiom, crucial for programming with coinductive types, types must be interpreted as presheaves internally right orthogonal to the object of clocks. In the case of dependent types, this translates to a lifting condition similar to the one found in homotopy theoretic models of type theory, but here with an additional requirement of uniqueness of lifts. Since the universes defined by the standard Hofmann–Streicher construction in this model do not satisfy this property, the universes in GDTT must be indexed by contexts of clock variables. We show how to model these universes in such a way that inclusions of clock contexts give rise to inclusions of universes commuting with type operations on the nose.


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