Thermal–Statistical Odd–Even Fermions’ Staggering Effect and the Order–Disorder Disjunction

We review thermal–statistical considerations on the odd–even staggering effect (OES) in fermions. There is a well known OES in nuclear binding energies at zero temperature. We discuss here a thermal OES (finite temperatures) that establishes links with the order–disorder disjunction. The present thermal considerations cannot be found in the nuclear literature.

Strong and weak interactions in Ghahramany’s integrated nuclear binding energy formula

By modifying Ghahramany’s integrated nuclear binding energy formula with strong and weak interactions, it is possible to approximate the nuclear binding energy of isotopes with one unique energy coefficient and four terms. Considering even-odd corrections, shell corrections and other microscopic corrections, it seems possible to improve the accuracy with a clear physical basis. Based on our recent work and the proposed formula, we are very confident to say that, electroweak interaction plays a vital role in fixing the nuclear binding energy.

Spectral Explanation for Statistical Odd-Even Staggering in Few Fermions Systems

Odd-even statistical staggering in a Lipkin-like few fermions model has been recently encountered. Of course, staggering in nuclear binding energies is a well established fact. Similar effects are detected in other finite fermion systems as well, as for example, ultra small metallic grains and metal clusters. We work in this effort with the above-mentioned Lipkin-like, two-level fermion model and show that statistical staggering effects can be detailedly explained by recourse to a straightforward analysis of the associated energy-spectra.

On the Combined Role of Strong and Electroweak Interactions in Understanding Nuclear Binding Energy Scheme

An attempt is made toa model the atomic nucleus as a combination of bound and free or unbound nucleons. Due to strong interaction, bound nucleons help in increasing nuclear binding energy and due to electroweak interaction, free or unbound nucleons help in decreasing nuclear binding energy. In this context, with reference to proposed 4G model of final unification and strong interaction, recently we have developed a unified nuclear binding energy scheme with four simple terms, one energy coefficient of 10.1 MeV and two small numbers 0.0016 and 0.0019. In this paper, by eliminating the number 0.0019, we try to fine tune the estimation procedure of number of free or unbound nucleons pertaining to the second term with an energy coefficient of 11.9 MeV. Interesting observation is that, Z can be considered as a characteristic representation of range of number of bound isotopes of Z.

On the Combined Role of Strong and Electroweak Interactions in Understanding Nuclear Binding Energy Scheme

With reference to proposed 4G model of final unification and strong interaction, recently we have developed a unified nuclear binding energy scheme with four simple terms, one energy coefficient of 10.1 MeV and two small numbers 0.0016 and 0.0019. In this paper, by eliminating the number 0.0019, we try to fine tune the estimation procedure of number of free or unbound nucleons pertaining to the second term with an energy coefficient of 11.9 MeV. It seems that, some kind of electroweak interaction is playing a strange role in maintaining free or unbound nucleons within the nucleus. It is possible to say that, strong interaction plays a vital role in increasing nuclear binding energy and electroweak interaction plays a vital role in reducing nuclear binding energy. Interesting observation is that, Z can be considered as a characteristic representation of range of number of bound isotopes of Z. For medium, heavy and super heavy atoms, beginning and ending mass numbers pertaining to bound states can be understood with 2Z+0.004Z^2 and 3Z+0.004Z^2 respectively. With further study, neutron drip lines can be understood. Based on this kind of data fitting procedure, existence of our 4G model of electroweak fermion of rest energy 584.725 GeV can be confirmed indirectly.

The Inter-Nucleon Up-to-Down Quark Bond and its Implications for Nuclear Binding

This paper describes an interesting and potentially significant phenomenon regarding the properties of up and down quarks within the nucleus, specifically how the possible internucleon bonding of these quarks may affect the bonding energy of the nuclear force. A very simple calculation is used, which involves a bond between two internucleon up and down quarks. This simple calculation does not specify the shape or structure for the nucleus, rather this calculation only examines the energy of all possible internucleon up-to-down bonds that may be formed within a quantum nucleus. A comparison of this calculated binding energy is made to the experimental binding energy with remarkably good results. The potential significance and implications of this noteworthy finding are discussed.