cell destruction
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2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryo Shigemoto ◽  
Takatoshi Anno ◽  
Fumiko Kawasaki ◽  
Kohei Kaku ◽  
Hideaki Kaneto

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is mainly triggered by autoimmune β-cell destruction, usually leading to absolute insulin deficiency. Regarding the speed of β-cell destruction, there are large variations depending on age. In some adult cases, sufficient β-cell function is sometimes retained for a relatively long period and eventually they become dependent on insulin for survival. It is known that even in subjects with T1DM showing high titers of such antibodies, insulin secretory capacity is preserved under several conditions such as “honeymoon” period and slowly progressive T1DM (SPIDDM). Herein, we reported the acute onset T1DM subject with long-term preservation of β-cell function, although his anti-GAD antibody and anti-IA-2 antibody titers were very high for more than 4 years. This case is very important in that his β-cell function was preserved with dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor alone. This means that there are large variations in the speed of β-cell destruction in the onset of T1DM.


ACS Nano ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yajing Shen ◽  
Wei Zhang ◽  
Gang Li ◽  
Peng Ning ◽  
Zhenguang Li ◽  
...  

Wood Research ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 630-642
Author(s):  
MICHAL HALAJ ◽  
ŠTEFAN BOHÁČEK ◽  
ANDREJ PAŽITNÝ ◽  
VLADIMÍR KUŇA ◽  
JOZEF BALBERČÁK

The publication is focused on the effect of ultra low and high temperature on enzymatic pretreatment of beech wood (Fagus sylvaticaL.). Two fractions < 0.7 mm and 1.0 –2.5 mm of disintegrated branches sawdust were used for experiments. Glucose and xylose yields were measured after 24, 48, and 72 hours of enzymatic hydrolysis with 15 % load of the enzyme measured to total cellulose content. The influence of freezing under -80°C and boiling under pressure at +160°C on samples before enzymatic hydrolysis was observed. Mutual combination of boiling under pressure to obtain the maximum water uptake and subsequent freezing was used to better understand the process of cell destruction. The results show that the boiling pretreatment has a positive influence on thetotal monosaccharide yields and the subsequent freezing may slightly increase these yields even further. The maximum monosaccharide conversion (73.24%) was achieved using the fraction < 0.7 mm.


Hypertension ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 78 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Evangeline Deer ◽  
Jan Michael Williams ◽  
Lorena M Amaral ◽  
Sarah Fitzgerald ◽  
Owen Herrock ◽  
...  

Hypertensive (HTN) disorders of pregnancy increase risks for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in pregnant women. GDM is characterized by hyperglycemia and β-cell dysfunction associated with increased inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress, and activated CD4+ T cells. Streptozotocin (STZ) is used in nonpregnant rats to induce β-cell destruction causing features of diabetes. However, STZ is not ideal for pregnancy and leads to unsuccessful pregnancy outcomes, therefore other ways to establish animal models of GDM must be pursued. Previously, we showed CD4+T cells from a rat model of preeclampsia causes HTN and mitochondrial (mt) dysfunction/ROS compared to normal pregnant (NP) rats. Therefore, we hypothesize CD4+ T cells from a diabetic rat model could cause mt dysfunction/ROS and pancreatic β-islet cell destruction and lead to increased glucose and HTN during pregnancy. To examine our hypothesis, we adoptively transferred CD4+ T cells from STZ Dahl diabetic rats into pregnant Sprague Dawley (SD) rats and measured GDM features. Circulating CD4+ T cells were isolated from STZ induced diabetic Dahl virgin female rats and injected into pregnant SD rats on gestational day (GD) 12. On GD19, blood pressure (MAP) and tissues were collected and glucose levels were measured after 2h fasting in STZ CD4+ T cell recipients (GDM) and NP controls. Mt respiration and mtROS was measured in isolated mitochondria. On GD19, MAP increased to 105±0.5 mmHg (n=4, p<0.05) in GMD pregnant rats compared to control NP rats 91±2.1 mmHg (n=3). Blood glucose levels were elevated in GDM rats (139 ± 7 mg/dl, n=4, p<0.05) compared to NP controls (94 ± 1 mg/dl, n=3). Placental state 3 (26.4±5.9 vs 53.9±1.7 pmol/sec/mg, p<0.05) respiration rates, indicative of ATP production, was reduced in GDM rats (n=4) compared to NP controls (n=3). Placental mtROS was significantly increased in GDM rats (190 ± 27.1 % gated, n=3, p<0.05) compared to NP rats (100 ± 2.7 % gated, n=3). Collectively, the data indicate adoptive transfer of STZ CD4+ T cells causes increased circulating glucose, placental mt dysfunction and mtROS and HTN during pregnancy. These data demonstrate the importance of CD4+T cells in mechanisms causing the pathophysiology of GDM, and also introduces a potential novel animal model of GDM.


2021 ◽  
pp. 109746
Author(s):  
Vinicius Santos da Silva ◽  
Renata Bortoleto da Silveira ◽  
Kelly Aparecida Dias de Freitas Castro ◽  
Wallance Moreira Pazin ◽  
Roberto Santana da Silva ◽  
...  

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1693
Author(s):  
Geert A. Martens ◽  
Geert Stangé ◽  
Lorenzo Piemonti ◽  
Jasper Anckaert ◽  
Zhidong Ling ◽  
...  

Ongoing beta cell death in type 1 diabetes (T1D) can be detected using biomarkers selectively discharged by dying beta cells into plasma. microRNA-375 (miR-375) ranks among the top biomarkers based on studies in animal models and human islet transplantation. Our objective was to identify additional microRNAs that are co-released with miR-375 proportionate to the amount of beta cell destruction. RT-PCR profiling of 733 microRNAs in a discovery cohort of T1D patients 1 h before/after islet transplantation indicated increased plasma levels of 22 microRNAs. Sub-selection for beta cell selectivity resulted in 15 microRNAs that were subjected to double-blinded multicenter analysis. This led to the identification of eight microRNAs that were consistently increased during early graft destruction: besides miR-375, these included miR-132/204/410/200a/429/125b, microRNAs with known function and enrichment in beta cells. Their potential clinical translation was investigated in a third independent cohort of 46 transplant patients by correlating post-transplant microRNA levels to C-peptide levels 2 months later. Only miR-375 and miR-132 had prognostic potential for graft outcome, and none of the newly identified microRNAs outperformed miR-375 in multiple regression. In conclusion, this study reveals multiple beta cell-enriched microRNAs that are co-released with miR-375 and can be used as complementary biomarkers of beta cell death.


2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (7) ◽  
pp. 2170018
Author(s):  
Sreejith Raveendran ◽  
Anindito Sen ◽  
Toru Maekawa ◽  
D. Sakthi Kumar

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatemeh Karami ◽  
Behrouz Asgari Abibeiglou ◽  
Saghar Pahlavanneshan ◽  
Ali Farrokhi ◽  
Amin Tamadon ◽  
...  

Abstract IntroductionMeasurement of pancreatic beta cell mass in animal models is a common assay in diabetes researches. Novel whole-organ clearance methods in conjunction with transgenic mouse models hold tremendous promise to improve methods for beta cell mass measurement. Here, we propose a refined method to estimate the beta cell mass using a new transgenic Tg(Pdx1-GFP) mouse model and a recently developed free-of-acrylamide clearing tissue (FACT) protocol. MethodsFirst, we generated and evaluated a Tg(Pdx1-GFP) transgenic mouse model. By using the FACT protocol in this model, we could quantify the beta cell mass and alloxan-induced beta cell destruction in whole pancreas specimens.ResultsTg(Pdx1-GFP) transgenic mice expressed green fluorescent protein (GFP) only in the beta cells of the pancreas and limited to the beta cells. This GFP expression enabled us to accurately measure beta cell loss in a beta cell destruction model. The results suggest that our proposed method can be used as a simple, rapid assay for beta cell mass measurement in studies of islet biology and diabetes.ConclusionThe Tg(Pdx1-GFP) transgenic mouse in conjunction with the FACT protocol can enhance large-scale screening studies in the field of diabetes.


2021 ◽  
Vol MA2021-01 (5) ◽  
pp. 279-279
Author(s):  
Justin Holloway ◽  
Muinuddin Maharun ◽  
Tanveerkhan Pathan ◽  
Melanie J Loveridge

Symmetry ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 912
Author(s):  
Tong Chen ◽  
Xudong Liu ◽  
Biao Si ◽  
Yong Feng ◽  
Huifeng Zhang ◽  
...  

To accurately assess the hemolysis risk of the ventricular assist device, this paper proposed a cell destruction model and the corresponding evaluation parameters based on multiphase flow. The single-phase flow and multiphase flow in two patient-specific total cavopulmonary connection structures assisted by a rotationally symmetric blood pump (pump-TCPC) were simulated. Then, single-phase and multiphase cell destruction models were used to evaluate the hemolysis risk. The results of both cell destruction models indicated that the hemolysis risk in the straight pump-TCPC model was lower than that in the curved pump-TCPC model. However, the average and maximum values of the multiphase flow blood damage index (mBDI) were smaller than those of the single-phase flow blood damage index (BDI), but the average and maximum values of the multiphase flow particle residence time (mPRT) were larger than those of the single-phase flow particle residence time (PRT). This study proved that the multiphase flow method can be used to simulate the mechanical behavior of red blood cells (RBCs) and white blood cells (WBCs) in a complex flow field and the multiphase flow cell destruction model had smaller estimates of the impact shear stress.


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