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2022 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 74-80
Author(s):  
V. E. Zhukov

The marketing activity of a modern airline is quite diverse. Under the conditions of an oligopoly, airlines develop their business in competition for a passenger.In modern conditions in Russia, the use of dumping methods of the early 1990s is very ineffective. There are no weak airlines left on the long-distance air transportation market, and in regional markets large companies lose to small regional carriers due to the high cost of performing flights on large-capacity aircrafts of the airline’s fleet.Generally, non-price methods of competition come out on top. Flexible tariff policy, advertising, and high service in servicing passengers remain leading traditional methods of competing for a passenger.This article is devoted to the study of another marketing method for attracting passengers, or rather retaining passengers on the airline’s flights, which is development of bonus programs, frequent flyer programs. PJSC Russian Airlines (Aeroflot) was chosen as the object for the study. The subject of the research is the «Aeroflot Bonus» program.The objective of the study is to study the cost of the program. For research purposes, this is the value of the frequent flyer program point. The problem proposed to be solved is to determine the amount of expenses for implementation of the bonus program of frequent flyers. When solving the problem in its staging part, the assessment is not limited to direct costs associated with the costs of marketing efforts in the form of costs for organising a special advertising department, issuing bonus cards, software, and wages. The estimation refers also to indirect costs in the form of unreceived proceeds from free bonus tickets. Besides, a rough estimate has been made of the airline’s hidden costs due to an unpaid seat on the plane. The study conclusions indicate that hidden costs will be taken into account in calculating the cost of a flight and the bonus program has a right to exist.


Author(s):  
Derek Kramer

Abstract This paper examines transportation infrastructure in the Japanese empire and its role in positioning Korean migrants in the labor markets of the metropole. To do so, it focuses on the Pusan–Shimonoseki ferry which, between 1905 and 1945, transferred over 30 million people between Japan and Korea. During this time, the ships that comprised this ferry line helped articulate new borders between the metropole and its annexed colony. In this capacity, the vessels helped constitute and control the flow of a new class of colonial migrants as they entered the labor markets of Japan. Historically, transportation networks have been looked on as modes of conveyance or as symbols of political amalgamation. Colonial era descriptions of the Pusan-Shimonoseki ferry commonly maintained this view. However, rather than stress the spatial integration brought by the line, this paper highlights its function as a source of delineation. The ferries connecting Japan to its closest colony not only served as a conduit for Korean workers, but also introduced forms of constraint and contingency that shaped their ability to sell their labor in Japan. Transportation thus became an issue of political contestation and resistance. Korean workers and union activists employed an array of tactics to undermine the borders imposed through the regulation of transportation. Doing so was part of an attempt to assert greater control over the migrant's position in regional markets and mitigate the unevenness of the colonial system.


2021 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Florence Mok

Abstract This article explores an understudied aspect in Asia's Cold War history: how the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) used Hong Kong as a Cold War pivot to produce and disseminate left-wing literature for overseas Chinese living in Southeast Asia. It argues that the CCP's expanding cultural influence can be attributed to the Party's commercial acumen. Operating within a permissive colonial regulatory regime, the CCP expanded its control of local and regional markets for left-wing printed materials. The content of CCP literature was inevitably propagandistic – that is, shaped by the changing demands of the Chinese government's foreign policy and by a need to attract foreign remittances and accommodate socialist transformation at home. Hong Kong's emergence as a pivot in propaganda wars that were global in scope created tensions between the United States and Britain, and led governments in Southeast Asia to strengthen state controls on imported communist media. As such, this article makes an original contribution to Hong Kong colonial history and deepens our understanding of transnational dynamics within Southeast Asia.


2021 ◽  
pp. 284-302
Author(s):  
Marjatta Eilittä

Sahelian livestock systems, an indelible feature of its landscapes and significant contributor to its economies, are under significant pressures to change. Whereas high predicted demand increases for livestock products offer great prospects for income growth, expansion of croplands and settlements as well as climate change will likely negatively impact Sahelian producers. It is clear that for Sahel to respond to livestock market opportunities, changes in traditional trade and production practices are needed, in particular to improve reach of market signals to producers, reduce the high transaction costs, and improve productivity. The Sahelian markets have to date shown continued capacity to supply growing Sahelian and regional markets, and in fact the changes, are already evident. These include expansion and diversification of trader networks, changing procurement patterns, agricultural expansion, and increased use of supplemental feeds, among others. These changes are certain to further evolve.


2021 ◽  
pp. 231971452110424
Author(s):  
Manish ◽  
Alok Behera

This article aims to understand the evolving nature of China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) in Central Asia. It examines how the BRI gives China an access to the abundant energy resources in Central Asia, alongside the trade connectivity, industry, infrastructure development, and expanding regional markets and facilitating regional cooperation, etc. While doing so, the article examines 261 small-and large-scale Chinese infrastructure projects in five Central Asian republics. As we understand, China’s BRI investments focus on rail and road connectivity projects, energy connectivity projects, trade promotion and industrial development, and people-to-people projects. This gives greater influence to China in the Central Asian region, thereby leading to a competition among the major powers such as Russia, the USA and India.


Author(s):  
Günter Frankenberg

This chapter focuses on how legal information travels, that is, how it is transferred. The concept of transfer is meant to make comparatists sensitive to the different ways legal items (rights and values, organizational provisions, and doctrines) are converted into standardized information and over time become products or commodities on global or regional markets. Legal transfer is understood here as an element of world-making. It will be shown how legal information is gleaned from foreign contexts, processed, and transferred to host contexts. The translation and application of legal information to a new environment invariably presupposes intense modification and ‘bricolage’. Because this open-ended and unpredictable process of transfer entails considerable hazards, the final result reproduces a fragment, cut-out, hybrid, modified copy, or pastiche. While the process of decontextualization may be read as another globalization story, this narrative receives a critical twist by shifting the focus to items that resist transfer.


2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Maswadi Maswadi ◽  
Novira Kusrini ◽  
Dewi Kurniati ◽  
Wanti Fitrianti ◽  
Joshua Parulian

<p align="justify">Coconut (<em>Cocos nucifera</em> L.) is one of the most developed plantation commodities in West Kalimantan. However, the coconut has a problem with the structure of agribusiness, namely the alignment (integration) that is closely related to the availability of the coconut. This research aims to see the level of proximity of coconut regional market relationship with other regional markets in West Kalimantan represented by Bengkayang Regency, Mempawah, and Sambas district, which analyzed using vector autoregression (VAR) to examine the long-term relationship.  The integration of coconut production in Bengkayang, Mempawah, and Sambas districts was analyzed using the Granger causality test. The data used is the annual quantitative secondary data for 14 years in the time range between 2004 and 2017, which must be stationary at the first difference level. This study showed that West Kalimantan's production experienced some two-way causality relationship and some only one way. Production of Bengkayang affects Sambas, but the production of Sambas does not affect the production of Bengkayang. This finding indicates a one-way causality relationship. It is suggested that the government needs to add and improve infrastructure facilities for market players, and market players must follow production method information through electronic media or related institutions (for example, Department of Agriculture). </p>


2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (5) ◽  
pp. 1257-1263
Author(s):  
G.B. Sreekanth ◽  
◽  
P. Rivonkar ◽  
T.S. Mayekar ◽  
A. Giriyan ◽  
...  

Aim: The fisheries resources of Mandovi Estuary, along the central west coast of India were analysed for taxonomic, functional, feeding and population aspects and also to record and prepare an inventory on fish and shellfish species. Methodology: Finfish and shellfish taxa were monitored for four years (2016 to 2020) through surveys in small and regional markets, fishermen surveys, fishing gear samplings, telephonic interviews and photographs. Results: A total of 318 taxa are counted comprising of 169 (53.1%) demersal, 71 (22.3%) pelagic fish, 37 (11.6%), molluscan and 41 (12.9%) crustacean species. The community was dominated by marine immigrants and the freshwater types contributed least to the composition. In the inventory, majority of the resources were of commercial value and this category contributed 70% of total documented species. Even though detailed analyses were required, nearly 2% of the fauna appeared to be endemic to the region. Further, more than 30% species listed were data deficient. Out of 318 species, 10% were unknown in the Mandovi estuary. Interpretation: This data set comprehensively documents the finfish and shellfish diversity of Mandovi estuary from 2016 to 2020. The type of fish assemblage is briefly discussed focusing on the management of these resources in the estuary.


2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (144) ◽  
pp. 40-48
Author(s):  
Vera A. Kazakova ◽  

Harmonization of standards for modern methods of organization of maintenance and repair, advanced methods of service of agricultural machines (tractors, diesels, combines and others) updates the list of regulatory documents required for the certification of agricultural machinery. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in increasing the quality of repair, maintenance and work in the certification of tractors and agricultural machinery, taking into account new trends by clarifying the list of controlled indicators of technical and information compatibility in accordance with the priority areas of standardization, establishing a list of mandatory routine maintenance work in the certification of repair quality aimed at technical and environmental safety, as well as increasing the competitiveness of Russian goods in the domestic and regional markets. (Materials and methods) The specifics of the work consists in public discussion of draft standards and expertise by specialists of the engineering service and agricultural machinery, interested organizations and enterprises of the Russian Federation and organizations in the member states of the Interstate Council for Standardization, Metrology and Certification of the Commonwealth of Independent States and a detailed analysis of the proposals received. (Results and discussion) The article presents the final versions of the draft standards that meet the conditions of the current state of the machine-technical park and the engineering service of the agro-industrial complex. It summaries of reviews from organizations in Russia and the CIS countries; the draft final version of the standards will be sent for editing and approval to Rosstandart. (Conclusions) For the first time, the types, basic rules and technical requirements for carrying out the procedure for putting into repair and releasing from repair tractors, diesel engines, combines and other machines intended for field work were unified. The implementation of these requirements will improve the quality of repair, reliability and the inter-repair resource of the machine and tractor fleet of the agro-industrial complex.


2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 5-16
Author(s):  
Daniel Muth

Botswana has long been lauded for developing uniquely strong political institutions and using its diamond revenues productively to enhancing the welfare of its citizens. However, depleting diamond sources conjoined with an inadequate level of economic diversity poses serious challenges to further development. Unequivocally, the country has arrived at a crossroads. Botswana must seize the narrow window of time before its diamond resources are depleted, by nurturing economic sectors and investing in human capabilities, in order to climb higher on the ladder of economic development. If they do not, the country may be set back dramatically after decades long successful policy efforts. This essay addresses the puzzle of why the development of Botswana has suddenly stagnated despite having powerful facilitating factors such as political stability and advanced economic policies. This essay will shed some light on the dilemma by discussing key political economy developments driven by the diamond dependency, and the way in which Botswana is integrated into regional markets. Current policy deliberations should be informed by a greater understanding of the main factors affecting past developments. Therefore, my aim is to contribute to the ongoing debate on the structural conditions affecting develop- mental outcome in the region, and to reinvigorate the discussion on possible policy solutions to mitigate/overcome contingency.


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