The Internal Structure of Spanish–German Verbalizations and the Sophistication of Bilinguals’ Linguistic Knowledge

The present article reassesses some available data regarding word-internal language mixing (Spanish–German) involving verbs and nouns. The empirical generalization is that Spanish roots can be combined with German verbalizers, but not vice versa. Data of this type highlight the sophisticated knowledge of the underlying representations that code-switching bilinguals must have of both contributing grammars and, in turn, how these contribute to the formation of the grammar that underlies their rule-governed systems for amalgamating them. Despite agreeing with the general conclusions of González-Vilbazo and López’s 2011 study regarding what the data tell us about code-switching more generally, we refine their analysis to better capture the patterns. Our proposal is that these mixtures are the only instances where the structural and lexical properties of verbal exponents used in both languages overlap, parting ways with previous analyses based on the possible zero nature of Spanish verbalizers or the absence of conjugation classes in German.

Bonaventure, Aristotle, and the Being of Universal Forms

The question of whether Bonaventure’s metaphysical thought is “Aristotelian” has long been answered with a plain “no.” Indeed, many scholars have interpreted Bonaventure as parting ways with Aristotle on a number of foundational metaphysical positions: Bonaventure adopts Augustinian seminal reasons, instead of the accounts of generation and causation found in Aristotle, and Bonaventure’s universal forms have ‘being’ independent of and prior to sensibles. While the characterization of Bonaventure as largely opposed to Aristotelianism has become standard in contemporary scholarship, this paper demonstrates quite the opposite: Bonaventure, in developing his notion of form, relies almost exclusively on his—indeed idiosyncratic—interpretation of Aristotle. Accordingly, the author argues that Aristotle’s philosophy is at the foundation of Bonaventure’s two seemingly Augustinian positions concerning seminal reasons and the ontological status of forms—as well as his distinction between the universal form and the seminal reason, which is neither a real nor a conceptual distinction.

Parting Ways or Rival Siblings? A Review and Analysis of Metaphors for the Separation of Jews and Christians in Antiquity

Since the early 1990s, ‘the parting of the ways’ has become academic shorthand, especially in anglophone scholarship, for the separation of Jews and Christians in antiquity. Often it is associated with a onetime, global break that occurred by the end of the second century, particularly over one or more theological issues. This model has been challenged as being too tidy. Other images have been offered, most notably that of ‘rival siblings’, but the ‘parting’ model remains supreme. Consensus has shifted in other ways, however. The ‘parting’, or better, ‘partings’, is now understood to be a localized, protracted, and multifaceted process that likely began in the second century and continued into or past the fourth century. It is also suggested here that the current debate covers five distinguishable topics: (1) mutual religious recognition, (2) the continued existence of ‘Jewish Christians’, (3) religious interaction, (4) social concourse, and (5) outsider classification.

Revising the Bargain?

This chapter examines the effect of the GFC on mass policy preferences. We argue that preferences are not only shaped by the individual’s position in the social structure, but also by the set of feasible options provided by competing political elites. The theory of constrained partisanship views public policy preferences as rooted in institutions, economic circumstances, and past policy legacies. Parting ways with this view, we argue that parties can shape citizens’ preferences through policy efforts and rhetoric. We test a set of arguments on preferences for spending in two areas: health care (a universal benefit) and unemployment assistance (a targeted benefit). Consistent with other research, we find that individual-level attributes associated with labour market positions, skills, and wealth inform policy preferences. But party politics also mattered. Both the depth of the crisis and the extent of the recovery shaped some post-GFC policy demands by way of party cues. We also show that the scope of the crisis recovery influenced how preferences react to past policy efforts. In strong recoveries, there was a strong negative thermostatic relationship, but in weak recoveries, path dependence ruled. Implications for policy responsiveness are discussed.