REPRESENTASI PEREMPUAN DALAM SASTRA DAN MEDIA SOSIAL: SEBUAH PERBANDINGAN (Female Representation on Literature and Social Media: A Comparison)

Sastra merupakan representasi dari realitas. Dalam sastra kita dapat membandingkan dan menelusuri realitas yang direkonstruksikan. Media sosial merupakan sarana baru pengungkapan jati diri dan kreativitas dalam berbagai rekonstruksi. Berangkat dari telaah kedua data dalam kedua media itu, artikel ini merupakan sebuah telaah bandingan tentang representasi perempuan. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dan berfokus pada representasi rekonstruksi perempuan dalam sastra terutama dalam novel karya Indah Hanaco berjudul Black Angel, The Curse of Beauty: Sexuality Exploitation towards Sales Promotion Girls, Heartling, Out of The Blue, dan Fixing a Broken Heart serta sederet akun TikTok yang diunduh pada periode waktu tertentu. Hal itu dilakukan untuk melihat bagaimana relasi perempuan dengan orang-orang di sekitar lingkungan sosial, bagaimana reaksi yang diterima dari orang sekitar dan lingkungan sosial pada sosok perempuan itu; serta apa dampak yang harus ia terima jika ia tidak dapat menyelaraskan diri dengan konflik atau solusi yang dihadapi. Analisis dilakukan dengan sudut pandang telaah antropologis, mengingat banyaknya aspek kebudayaan yang muncul dalam video TikTok. Hasil penelitian dibagi dalam lima kategori, yaitu perempuan tangguh, perempuan lemah, perempuan alternatif, gaya hidup, dan trauma masa lalu. Literature is a representation of reality. In literature, we can compare and trace the reconstruction of reality. Social media is a new means of expressing identity and creativity in various reconstructions. Based on the study of the two data in the two media, this article is a comparative study of women's representation. This research are qualitative and had been focused on the women's reconstruction in literature, especially a few of Indah Hanaco's novels: Black Angel, The Curse of Beauty: Sexuality Exploitation towards Sales Promotion Girls, Heartling, Out of The Blue, dan Fixing a Broken Heart, and a series of TikTok videos that of a certain period. These questions are how their relationships with their surroundings, and what environment's reactions they received; and what result they will have if cannot reconcile on the conflict or solution. Those data are analyzed by anthropologic perspectives, considering the many cultural aspects that appear in TikTok videos. Results are these five categories: tough women, weak women, alternative women, lifestyle, and post-trauma.

Gendered Pathways to the County-level People's Congress in China

Women are underrepresented in legislature almost worldwide, and China is no exception. Although the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) implemented its first gender quota in 1933, gender quotas and women's representation in China remain understudied. This study fills the literature gap by examining the subnational variation in gender quota implementation and women's representation in the county-level people's congresses (CPC). Through a comparison of four county-level units in Hunan and Hubei with similar socioeconomic features yet contrasting results in the numbers of female representatives elected in the 2016 CPC election, this study argues that women's access to CPCs is affected by the CCP's adoption and enforcement of grassroots quotas. The fieldwork shows that although all cases introduced a 30 per cent gender quota, only CPCs in Hunan province were able to meet the quota requirements. This was because the grassroots quota threshold was raised in Hunan and strictly enforced, partly as a response to the 2013 Hengyang vote-buying scandal. In contrast, CPCs in Hubei province nominated a large number of “first hands” (yibashou) candidates, very few of whom were women.

Keterwakilan Perempuan pada Pemilihan Anggota Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Kabupaten Tulang Bawang Barat pada Pemilihan Umum (Pemilu) 2019

The breakthrough to achieve justice in the political field is the implementation of an affirmative action system, which is a system used globally to enable women to play their role, especially in the world of politics. The purpose of this research is to find out, analyze and explain what factors influence women's representation in the West Tulang Bawang Regency DPRD election results in 2019 and to find out, analyze and explain strategies for increasing women's representation in PDIP, Nasdem Party and Gerindra Party. As for those who became respondents in this study amounted to 7 people. The results of this research are 1) The factors that influence women's representation in the Legislative Election DPRD Tulang Bawang Barat Regency are 3 (three), namely political education, political communication and political culture and the most dominant factor influencing is "patriarchal culture" with the conclusion explanation as follows: The following: 1) Political education: political education efforts for legislative candidates, especially women, are not effectively implemented, this is due to time constraints and the reluctance of women legislative candidates to access and deepen knowledge about the world of politics, b) Political communication: political communication efforts the majority of legislative candidates only rely on the media mix and are less effective in direct political communication or interpersonal communication such as open campaigns or door to door. c) Political culture: patriarchal culture is still cultured, namely a culture that places women in a position that is always under men, is considered to have duties and responsibilities in domestic management of the household, namely kitchens, wells and mattresses. And 2) The strategy to increase women's representation in PDIP, Nasdem Party and Gerindra Party is carried out in 3 (three) ways, namely a) Increasing political education, b) Increasing political marketing and c) Increasing women's political participation.

Gender Differences in NSF Ocean Sciences Awards

In this study, we examine how women’s representation in National Science Foundation Ocean Sciences (NSF-OCE) awards changed between 1987 and 2019 and how it varied across different programs, research topics, and award types. Women’s participation in NSF-OCE awards increased at a rate of approximately 0.6% per year from about 10% in 1987 to 30% in 2019, and the strong similarity between the temporal trends in the NSF-OCE awards and the academic workforce suggests that there was no gender bias in NSF funding throughout the 33-year study period. The programs, topics, and award types related to education showed the strongest growth, achieving and surpassing parity with men, while those related to the acquisition of shared instrumentation and equipment for research vessels had the lowest women’s representation and showed relatively little change over time. Despite being vastly outnumbered by men, women principal investigators (PIs) tended to do more collaborative work and had a more diversified “portfolio” of research and research-related activities than men. We also found no evidence of gender bias in the amount awarded to men and women PIs during the study period. These results show that, despite significant increases in women’s participation in oceanography over the past three decades, women have still not reached parity with men. Although there appears to be no gender bias in funding decisions or amount awarded, there are significant differences between women’s participation in specific research subject areas that may reflect overall systemic biases in oceanography and academia more broadly. These results highlight areas where further investment is needed to improve women’s representation.

The dialectics of universalism and particularism: World society, religious traditions, and women’s political representation, 1960–2013

This study develops a model of macro-cultural identity inspired by the work of George Herbert Mead. The model puts world society theory, which emphasizes the homogenizing effects of ‘world culture,’ into conversation with civilization-analytic perspectives, which contend that religious and civilizational differences grow increasingly salient over time. The author regards these approaches as dialectically co-implicated. To test the model, the article analyzes cross-cultural heterogeneity in the effects of world society linkages on women’s share of parliamentary seats between 1960 and 2013. Countries are grouped into cultural zones based primarily on religious composition and secondarily on geographical region. The results generally support world society theory. Contrary to civilization-analytic perspectives, cultural resistance to women’s representation is most pronounced early but fades over time. Despite overall increases in women’s representation, there is little cross-cultural convergence, giving rise to improvement without isomorphism. The study concludes with a refined model of world society effects.

Vaishnavi Ananthanarayanan: Advocating for women's representation in science

Vaishnavi Ananthanarayanan investigates the regulation of motor proteins and cytoskeleton–organelle interactions using single-molecule microscopy.