5. International Society

This chapter examines the International Society tradition of international relations (IR). International Society, also known as the ‘English School’, is an approach to world politics that places emphasis on international history, ideas, structures, institutions, and values. After providing an overview of International Society’s basic assumptions and claims, the chapter considers the three traditions associated with the leading ideas of the most outstanding classical theorists of IR such as Niccolò Machiavelli and Immanuel Kant: realism, rationalism, and revolutionism. It then explores International Society’s views regarding order and justice, world society, statecraft and responsibility, and humanitarian responsibility and war; as well as how International Society scholars have used a historical approach to understand earlier international systems and the development of international society. It also discusses several major criticisms against the International Society approach to IR and concludes with an overview of the research agenda of International Society after the Cold War.

A descriptive study of demographics, triage allocations and patient outcomes at a private emergency centre in Pretoria

Background: Triage aims to detect critically ill patients and to prioritise those with time-sensitive needs, whilst contributing to the efficiency of an emergency centre (EC). International systems have been relatively well researched; however, little data exists on the use of the South African Triage Scale (SATS) in private healthcare settings in South Africa (SA).Methods: A retrospective descriptive study was undertaken. Data relating to demographics, application of triage, time in EC and disposition were collected on all patients presenting to the EC from 1st January to 31st December 2018.Results: A total of 29 055 patients’ data were included. The mean age was 41 years. Most patients were triaged yellow (73.5%); 17.4% were triaged as red and orange. Patients were seen by a doctor in a mean time of 28 min. Delays to be seen exceeded standards for red and orange patients at 8 min and 18 min, respectively. Most patients (76.1%) were discharged; 5.6% were admitted to intensive care unit (ICU)/high care, and 14.4% to general wards. Of patients triaged red and orange, 11.1% and 49.3% were discharged, respectively, whereas 81.7% of yellow patients were discharged home.Conclusion: This study found that most patients were triaged into low acuity categories and were discharged home. High acuity patients were usually admitted to ICU/high care; however, these patients experienced delays in receiving treatment. The causes of these issues, and the implications, remain unknown. Large numbers of high acuity patients were discharged home. Further studies are needed to understand the influence of triage accuracy on these patients’ outcomes.

The Tribute System and the World Imagined in Early Modern East Asia

The field of international relations has long treated the Westphalian system and states in the territorial sovereign sense as the standard or ‘normal’ in IR. The World Imagined by Hendrik Spruyt boldly challenges this habit as the biases of our times and instead brings non-European historical international systems into their rightful place in our study of international order and international relations theorising more generally. Unpacking Spruyt’s discussion of ‘the East Asian interstate society’, the article argues that an in-depth examination of what is known as a ‘tribute system’ and early modern East Asian historical orders richly illuminates the book’s arguments on the heterogeneity and diversity of order-building practices. It also argues that from a practice-oriented approach, the experience of early modern East Asia presents a compelling case that legitimation holds the key to explaining order building processes at both the domestic and international levels, with legitimation at these two levels working in tandem.

IV SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE “POLITICAL PROBLEMS OF INTERNATIONAL SYSTEMS AND GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT”

Scientific conference for young teachers and masters who study in the specialty 291 International Relations, Public Communications and Regional Studies, with the participation of the Dean of the Faculty of International Relations, Political Science and Sociology V. V. Glebov, Head of the Department of International Relations O. I. Brusylovska, lectors and guests of the University, took place on May 18, 2021 at the FIRPS ONU named after I. I. Mechnikov. Among the issues considered at the conference were: the analysis of the theory of international relations (Belinska D., Burganova V., Gordienko S., Musienko A., Pogrebnyak M., Shevchenko Y.), foreign policy of the states (Houphouet L., Navasardyan D., Novatska O., Palyonova G., Polyakova E., Zazalitinova V.), systemic transformation of post-communist and post-colonial countries (Prokhorova V., Elkhair A.).

AN ANALYSIS OF EDUCATIONAL AIMS IN TURKEY: A SOCIAL AND POLITICAL CONTEXT

Que tipo de modelo humano deve ser o objetivo da educação? Neste estudo, os significados atribuídos aos objetivos da educação e representações do modelo humano foram examinados com base em abordagens ontológicas, ideológicas e psicológicas, e a mudança histórica dos objetivos educacionais no sistema educacional turco. A Turquia, um país integrado aos sistemas internacionais, tem sido constantemente afetado pelas transformações mundiais ideológicas, econômicas e sociais e buscou adaptar-se a essas transformações com as regulamentações do sistema educacional. No âmbito deste estudo, os objetivos do sistema educacional turco e as representações do modelo humano juntamente com as transformações socioeconômicas e políticas foram analisados no processo histórico desde os anos de fundação da República. Neste contexto, os períodos de transformação foram determinados examinando-se as estruturas de pensamento dominantes no sistema educacional turco e a e discutindo-se a mudança nos objetivos educacionais nesses períodos. Abstract: What kind of a human model should be the aim of education? In this study, the meanings attributed to the aims of education and human model depictions were examined based on ontological, ideological and psychological approaches and the historical change of educational objectives in the Turkish education system. Turkey, a country integrated with international systems, has been constantly affected by the ideological, economic and social transformations in the world, and sought to adapt to this transformation with the regulations for the education system. Within the scope of this study, the aims of the Turkish education system and the human model depictions together with socio-economic and political transformations were analyzed in the historical process since the foundation years of the Republic. In this context, the periods of transformation were determined by examining the thinking structures dominant in the Turkish education system, and the change in educational aims in these periods were discussed.