KOHESI GRAMATIKAL REFERENSI PRONOMINA PERSONA DALAM TEKS PARIWISATA PADA PESONAINDONESIA.KOMPAS.COM/GRAMATICAL COHESION OF PERSONAL PRONOUNS IN THE TOURISM TEXT ON PESONAINDONESIA.KOMPAS.COM

AbstrakPenelitian ini diarahkan pada kajian teks wacana pariwisata dengan pendekatan analisis wacana. Permasalahan yang dikaji adalah aspek kebahasaan pembangun kepaduan teks wacana berupa kohesi gramatikal referensi persona pada teks pariwisata di laman pesonaindonesia.kompas.com. Tujuannya adalah untuk mendeskripsikan aspek kebahasaan kohesi gramatikal referensi persona pada teks pariwisata dalam media digital yang hasilnya dapat dipakai sebagai salah satu dasar merespons tuntutan kualitas strategi komunikasi promosi yang kreatif. Penelitian ini berjenis kualitatif deskriptif dalam linguistik. Sumber data berasal dari situs/laman pesonaindonesia.kompas.combulan Januari—Oktober 2019. Data berwujud teks wacana pariwisata. Metode pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan metode simak. Data dianalisis dengan metode agih dengan teknik ganti. Kajian ini menemukan pendayagunaan referensi pronominal persona yang difungsikan untuk membangun teks wacana yang khas dari teks pariwisata secara koheren. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa teks pariwisata menggunakan aspek-aspek gramatikal kohesi referensi persona pertama, kedua, ataupun ketiga. Referensi persona kedua mendominasi dalam teks pariwisata di laman pesonaindonesia.kompas.com. guna menciptakan keutuhan dan kepaduan wacana. Lebih lanjut, pemilihan referensi persona tersebut ditujukan untuk mendekatkan diri dengan pembaca dan terkandung implikasi persuasif bagi pembaca. Kata kunci: kohesi, referensi persona, teks pariwisata, wacana AbstractThis research is directed at the study of tourism discourse texts with the discourse analysis approach. The problem studied is the linguistic aspects of the building of the discourse text cohesion in the form of grammatical cohesion of persona references in the pariwisa text on the pesonaindonesia.kompas.com page. The aim is to describe the linguistic aspects of grammatical cohesion of references to charms in the tourism text in digital media, the results of which can be used as a basis for responding to the demands of the quality of creative promotional communication strategies. This research is a descriptive qualitative type in linguistics. The data source is from pesonaindonesia.kompas.com website / page from January to October 2019. The data is in the form of a tourism discourse text. The method of data collection is done by referring to the method. Data were analyzed by the method of distribution. The results showed that the tourism text uses grammatical aspects of the first, second, and third persona reference cohesion. The second persona reference dominates in the tourism text on the pesonaindonesia.kompas.com page. in order to create wholeness and cohesiveness of discourse. Furthermore, the selection of the reference persona is intended to get closer to the reader and has persuasive implications for the reader.Keywords: discourse, cohesion, personal pronouns, tourism text

The Organization of Personal Pronouns in Sentence Structure Construction of Makassarese Language

Makassarese language belongs to the Austronesian language family, currently spoken as a mother language by a group of people in South Sulawesi province, eastern Indonesia. This research focuses on personal pronoun organization in the sentence construction of the Makassarese language. The form, position, and function of personal pronouns in the language sentences are explained. It used ‘simak’ (to-observe) method in form of a conversational involved-observation technique including recording and note-taking in collecting data. The data sources were oral data and text data. The oral data were taken from five informants selected purposively. The text data were taken from the folklore script of South Sulawesi written in the Makassarese language. The data were presented descriptively and analyzed by using the distributional method. The findings show two forms of personal pronouns used dominantly in constructing sentences: free personal pronoun and bound personal pronoun (clitic). Position of the free personal pronoun is in front of, in the middle of, and at the end of a sentence. The clitic is in front of and at the end of the verb. In addition, there is also clitic attached at the end of the noun that serves as possessive. The sentence starting with a free personal pronoun forms the pattern of SV (subject-verb) or SVO (subject-verb-object) and the sentence starting with clitic-attached verb forms the pattern of VS (verb-subject) or VSO (verb-subject-object). The basic structure of the Makassarese sentence is VS or VSO. The derivative structure is SV or SVO with other varieties.

Examining Inter-disciplinary Commonalities in the Referents of I, We and You in Classroom Lecturer Talk

Studies have sought to establish the ‘territory of reference’ or ‘patterns of referentialities’ of I, we and you (tri-PP) in academic lectures across disciplinary supercommunities (DSs): Humanities, Social Sciences and Natural Sciences. These studies are largely from L1 context, and also report on only referents common to the three DSs, without giving attention to those at the interface of two DSs. This study, therefore, is the first attempt to examine the referents of the tri-PP at the interface of two DSs in academic lectures, using a corpus from the L2 context. A corpus of over one hundred thousand words was built for the study, and AntConc was used to search for the occurrences of the tri-PP. Drawing on the contexts and co-texts, the authors determined the referents of the tri-PP. It was found that across the tri-PP, some referents were shared by two DSs. The findings further deepen understanding of the ‘pointing’ role of personal pronouns in classroom lecturer talk and “degree of cross-disciplinary diversity…” Keywords: academic lectures, discourse referent, disciplinary variation, personal pronouns

Event and Entity Coreference Across Five Languages: Effects of Context and Referring Expression

Current work on coreference focuses primarily on entities, often leaving unanalysed the use of anaphors to corefer with antecedents such as events and textual segments. Moreover, the anaphoric forms that speakers use for entity and non-entity coreference are not mutually exclusive. This ambiguity has been the subject of recent work in English, with evidence of a split between comprehenders' preferential interpretation of personal versus demonstrative pronouns. In addition, comprehenders are shown to be sensitive to antecedent complexity and aspectual status, two verb-driven cues that signal how an event is being portrayed. Here we extend this work via a comparison across five languages (English, French, German, Italian, and Spanish). With a story-continuation experiment, we test how different referring expressions corefer with entity and event antecedents and whether verbal features such as argument structure and aspect influence this choice. Our results show widely consistent, not categorical biases across languages: entity coreference is favoured for personal pronouns and event coreference for demonstratives. Antecedent complexity increases the rate at which anaphors are taken to corefer with an event antecedent, but portraying an event as completed does not reach statistical significance (though showing quite uniform patterns). Lastly, we report a comparison of the same referring expressions to refer to entity and event antecedents in a trilingual parallel corpus annotated with coreference.Together, the results provide a first crosslingual picture of coreference preferences beyond the restricted entity-only patterns targeted by most existing work on coreference. The five languages are all shown to allow gradable use of pronouns for entity and event coreference, with biases that align with existing generalizations about the link between prominence and the use of reduced referring expressions. The studies also show the feasibility of manipulating targeted verb-driven cues across multiple languages to support crosslingual comparisons.

Language of Criminal Confessions

Confession evidence is powerfully persuasive, and yet many wrongful convictions involving false confessions have surfaced in recent years (Innocence Project, 2021; National Registry of Exonerations, 2021). Although police are trained to corroborate admissions of guilt, research shows that most false confessions contain accurate details and other content cues suggesting credibility as well as extrinsic evidence of guilt. Hence, a method is needed to help distinguish true and false confessions. In this study, we utilized a corpus-based approach to outline the linguistic features of two sets of confessions: those that are presumed true (n = 98) and those that have been proven false (n = 37). After analyzing the two corpora in LIWC (Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count) to identify significant categories, we created a logistic regression model that distinguished the two corpora based on three identified predictors: personal pronouns, impersonal pronouns, and conjunctions. In a first sample comprised of 25 statements per set, the model correctly categorized 37 out of 50 confessions (74%); in a second out-of-model sample, the predictors accurately classified 20 of 24 confessions (83.3%). A high frequency of impersonal pronouns was associated with confessions proven false, while a high frequency of conjunctions and personal pronouns were associated with confessions presumed to be true. Several patterns were observed in the corpora. In the latter set of confessions, for example, “I” was often followed by a lexical verb, a pattern less frequent in false confessions. Although these data are preliminary and not to be used for practical diagnostic purposes, the findings suggest that additional research is warranted.

Taking a Marked Stance through Evaluative Lexical Items: A Study of Selected Features of Obama’s and Trump’s Inaugural Speeches

The paper presents an analysis of Obama’s and Trump’s inaugural addresses with a view to evidencing how language can be manipulated and also reveal the speaker’s political and ideological stance through the use of marked and evaluative lexical items. The language sample selected for analysis contains personal pronouns and possessive adjectives ‘you, your, we, us, our, ours, ourselves, they, their, them, themselves’, determiner ‘other’ and the term ‘America’ with all its derivative forms as used in the two speeches.

Language Variation in Mandarin as a Heritage Language: Subject Personal Pronouns

Because of limited language input, different dominant languages, and learners’ differing backgrounds, the acquisition of heritage languages is distinguished from the acquisition of L1 and L2. Few studies of Chinese as a Heritage Language (CHL) have explored whether students can acquire native-like sociolinguistic competence and language-specific variables with educational input. Based on a sociolinguistic variationist perspective, this study investigates the acquisition of variation between null and overt subject personal pronouns (SPP s) by heritage learners in an undergraduate-level Mandarin program. A total of 11,970 tokens were collected through classroom observation, sociolinguistic interviews, and narratives. Measuring mixed-effects logistic regression with Rbrul (Johnson, 2009), results show that the overall usage pattern of SPP s by CHL students largely resembled that in the input provided by the language program. Results also demonstrate that linguistic constraints including coreference, person and number, and verb type, and social factors such as discourse context, first languages, course level, and age of arrival had a significant effect on SPP expression by CHL learners. Implications for CHL development and variationist studies in heritage languages are discussed.

A Philological Study of the Reflexive-Possessive Use of Personal Pronouns in the Fourth Gospel

This study provides a philological analysis of all the occurrences of personal pronouns with reflexive-possessive meaning in the Gospel of John. Here, the author argues that the Gospel highly conforms to the rule of Classical Greek that the deictic force of the article suffices to identify the possessor when it is clear in the literary context who the possessor is. This high conformity enables the author to specify in which cases personal pronouns are strictly necessary to indicate the possessor and where they are redundant. Exegetical case studies (e.g., John 6:52) illustrate the implications of this study for the interpretation of the Gospel.