role function
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2021 ◽  
Vol IX(253) (45) ◽  
pp. 66-69
Author(s):  
R. Baghramyan

This article focuses on institutional discourse pragmatics, highlighting its salient features in a business to customer negotiation model, based on an authentic business correspondence (email), through a prism of H. Grice’s Theory of Cooperative Principle. The central thrust of this theory is the application of the maxims of Quantity, Quality, Relation and Manner to speech acts to secure identification of participants’ intentions and sentence meaning, excluding irrelevancies throughout the communication process. Any kind of interaction in our life is accompanied by diverse tangible and intangible components. The role, function and impact of these aggregate components on the natural flow of communication irrespective of the form (oral/written) are the concern of pragmatics.


BJPsych Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (S1) ◽  
pp. S283-S283
Author(s):  
Mohan Rathnaiah ◽  
Elizabeth B Liddle ◽  
Lauren Gascoyne ◽  
Jyothika Kumar ◽  
Mohammad Zia Ul-Haq Katshu ◽  
...  

AimsTo derive scores for mental disorganization and impoverishment from commonly used rating scales, and test the hypothesis that disorganization and impoverishment, along with impaired cognition and role-function reflect a latent variable that is a plausible candidate for the putative core deficit.BackgroundFor more than 100 years, disorganization and impoverishment of mental activity have been recognised as fundamental symptoms of schizophrenia. These symptoms may reflect a core brain process underlying persisting disability. Delusions and hallucinations have been regarded as accessory features. The psychopathological processes predisposing to persisting disability in schizophrenia are poorly understood. The delineation of a core deficit underlying persisting disability would be potentially of great value in predicting outcome and developing improved treatment.MethodPatients aged 18–55 years were included if: they satisfied DSM IV criteria for schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Healthy controls were recruited by public advertisement and selected to match the patient group in age and sex. Study sample included 39 participants with schizophrenia, 1 with schizoaffective disorder and 44 matched healthy controls. We derived disorganization and impoverishment scores from three symptom scales: PANSS, SSPI and CASH. We computed composite scores for disorganization and for impoverishment and employed Confirmatory Factor Analysis to test the hypothesis that a single factor accounts for the relationships between disorganization, impoverishment, cognitive impairment and impaired role function. We assessed the relationship between this latent “core deficit” and diminished Post Movement Beta Rebound (PMBR), an electrophysiological measure from Magnetoencephalography (MEG), associated with persisting brain disorders.ResultFit indices for the single factor model from CFA indicated a good fit: χ2(2) = 1.817, p = .403; RMSEA <.001 GFI = .979. PMBR was significantly reduced in the schizophrenia group compared to healthy controls, t (68) = 3.55, p < .001. Within the patient group, PMBR was significantly and negatively correlated with the CFA factor scores representing the Core Deficit score, r=−.543, p < .01, indicating that high core deficit scores were associated with reduced PMBR. PMBR was significantly correlated with the composite Disorganization score, r=−.521, p < .001.ConclusionOur findings demonstrate that the shared variance between impoverishment (psychomotor poverty); disorganization; cognitive impairment; and impaired role function can be accounted for by a latent variable that can reasonably be described as the core deficit of classical schizophrenia. The demonstration that the severity of the putative core deficit is correlated with the reduction in PMBR provides evidence that the core deficit is associated with an identifiable abnormality of brain dysfunction.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norma B. Bulamu ◽  
Ravi Vissapragada ◽  
Gang Chen ◽  
Julie Ratcliffe ◽  
Louise A. Mudge ◽  
...  

Abstract Aim: This study assessed the responsiveness and convergent validity of two preference-based measures; the newly developed cancer-specific EORTC Quality of Life Utility Measure-Core 10 dimensions (QLU-C10D) relative to the generic three-level version of the EuroQol 5 dimensions (EQ-5D-3L) in evaluating short-term quality-of-life outcomes/utilities after esophagectomy.Methods: Participants were enrolled in a multicentre 2×2 factorial randomised controlled trial to determine the impact of preoperative and postoperative immunonutrition versus standard nutrition in patients with esophageal cancer. Quality-of-life was assessed seven days before and 42 days after esophagectomy. Standardized Response Mean and Effect Size were calculated to assess responsiveness. Ceiling effects for each dimension were calculated as the proportion of the best level responses for that dimension. Convergent validity was assessed using Spearman’s correlation and the level of agreement was explored using Bland–Altman plots. Regression analysis was performed to identify which demographic and clinical factors influenced quality of life. Results: Respondents were 164, predominantly male (81%) with mean age of 63 years. Quality-of-life significantly reduced on both measures with large effect sizes (>80), and greater mean difference on QLU-C10D. Ceiling effects were observed with social activities (86%), mobility (67%), anxiety (55%) and pain (19%) dimensions on EQ-5D-3L. For QLU-C10D ceiling effects were observed with emotional function (53%), physical function (16%), nausea (35%), sleep (31%), bowel problems (21%) and pain (20%). A strong correlation (r=0.71) was observed between EQ-5D-3L anxiety and QLU-C10D emotional function dimensions. Good agreement (3.7% observations outside the limits of agreement) was observed between the utility scores. Blood loss and blood transfusion predicted EQ-5D-3L utility while smoking and tumour length >3cm were predictive of QLU-C10D utility. Changes in QLQ-C30 dimensions of emotional function, role function and pain were predictive of changes in EQ-5D-3L utility while changes in physical, social and role function as well as all the symptom scales were predictive of change in QLU-C10D utility. Conclusion: Although there is strong agreement between utility scores, QLU-C10D was more sensitive to short-term utility changes following esophagectomy. Cognisant of requirements by policy makers to apply generic utility measures in cost effectiveness studies, disease-specific measures should be used alongside the generic measures. Trial registrationThe trial was registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry (ACTRN12611000178943) on the 15th February 2011.


2021 ◽  
pp. 17-44
Author(s):  
Milan Jan Půček ◽  
František Ochrana ◽  
Michal Plaček
Keyword(s):  

2021 ◽  
Vol 229 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Yanmin Cheng ◽  
Zhaozhao Shao ◽  
Li Chen ◽  
Qiaoyu Zheng ◽  
Qiqi Zhang ◽  
...  

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 445-459
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Kaczor

The subject of the article is to indicate the primary aspects of the creation and evolution of the heroines of the film trilogy from The Star Wars Universe in the example of three characters: Princess Leia, queen/senator Padme Amidala and the teenager Rey. Its purpose is to show, via the example of their creation, how feminism postulates are adapted and at the same time invalidated, which is reflected in the ways of presenting them and the process of “revealing” their role function. This results in the emancipation of Star Wars heroines and taking over the functions of real leaders and com-mander-in-chief of the Republic and the Resistance Movement (Princess Lea — Queen/Amidala Ambassador — General Leia Organa) and a change in sex, being the main character of the story, the chosen one (Luke Skywalker — Anakin Skywalker — Rey Palpatine-Skywalker). At the same time, this process reflects cultural changes over the four decades that relate to women’s social functioning. The subject of the article is to indicate the primary aspects of the creation and evolution of the heroines of the film trilogy from The Star Wars Universe in the example of three characters: Princess Leia, queen/senator Padme Amidala and the teenager Rey. Its purpose is to show, via the example of their creation, how feminism postulates are adapted and at the same time invalidated, which is re-flected in the ways of presenting them and the process of “revealing” their role function. This results in the emancipation of Star Wars heroines and taking over the functions of real leaders and com-mander-in-chief of the Republic and the Resistance Movement (Princess Lea — Queen/Amidala Ambassador — General Leia Organa) and a change in sex, being the main character of the story, the chosen one (Luke Skywalker — Anakin Skywalker — Rey Palpatine-Skywalker). At the same time, this process reflects cultural changes over the four decades that relate to women’s social functioning.


2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (10) ◽  
pp. 2279-2284
Author(s):  
Hagit Toledano-Alhadef ◽  
Victor-Felix Mautner ◽  
Isabel Gugel ◽  
Julian Zipfel ◽  
Karin Haas-Lude ◽  
...  

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bahar Shahidi ◽  
Robyn W Bursch ◽  
Jennifer S Carmel ◽  
Ashleigh C Carranza ◽  
Kelsey M Cooper ◽  
...  

Purpose/Hypothesis: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) affects 1.7 million people in the U.S. annually, the majority being mild in severity (mTBI). Post-traumatic headache (PTH) is one of the most common symptoms experienced after mTBI caused by head or neck trauma and is often refractory to treatment. Although military Veterans commonly experience mTBI after blast or blunt injuries that likely affect musculoskeletal structures in the neck, the prevalence of cervical symptoms in Veterans with PTH following mTBI have not been well characterized. Similarly, the impact of comorbid neck pain on physical and psychosocial functioning in this population is unknown. This study aims to assess the prevalence of neck pain in Veterans with PTH following mTBI, and to compare the severity and functional impact of PTH between those with and without comorbid neck pain. Number of Subjects: 33 Veterans with PTH after a military-related mTBI were identified from a secondary analysis of data from a prior study. Materials and Methods: Participants were determined to have PTH if they responded to questions on the Patient Headache History Questionnaire (PHHQ), attributed PTH to an accident or injury, and reported PTH in the TBI history. Individuals with both PTH and comorbid neck pain (PTH+NP) were identified based on an affirmative response to one or more questions on the PHHQ indicating that HA episodes were either preceded or accompanied by neck pain. Standardized measures of HA severity and frequency, insomnia, fatigue, mood disorders (Depression, Anxiety, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder), and physical and emotional role function (SF-36) were compared between groups with and without comorbid neck pain. Results: Of the 33 participants with PTH, 22 (67%) also had neck pain. There were no differences in demographic or TBI-specific characteristics between groups (p>0.069). Sixty-three percent of the PTH+NP group reported severe or incapacitating HA, compared to 27% of those with PTH alone (P=0.049). Insomnia severity and fatigue were significantly greater in the PTH+NP group (P<0.040), and physical function due to bodily pain and physical role function was significantly lower in the PTH+NP group (P<0.036). There were no significant differences between groups for any of the mood or emotional-role functioning scales (P>0.326). Conclusions: The majority of Veterans with mTBI and PTH reported comorbid neck pain. Veterans with PTH and NP reported increased severity of HA, insomnia, fatigue, and a greater physical, but not emotional functional limitations compared to those without NP.


2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S265-S266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohanbabu Rathnaiah ◽  
Elizabeth Liddle ◽  
Lauren Gascoyne ◽  
Jyothika Kumar ◽  
Mohammad Katshu ◽  
...  

Abstract Background For more than 100 years, disorganization and impoverishment of mental activity have been recognised as fundamental symptoms of schizophrenia. These symptoms may reflect a core brain process underlying persisting disability. Predisposition to persisting disability is a clinically important aspect of schizophrenia, yet the psychopathological processes predisposing to persisting disability are poorly understood. The delineation of a putative core deficit associated with persisting disability would be of potentially great value in delineating the underlying pathological processes and eventually in enhancing treatment. Aims To derive scores for mental disorganization and impoverishment from commonly used rating scales, and test the hypothesis that disorganization and impoverishment, along with impaired cognition and role-function reflect a latent variable that is a plausible candidate for the putative core deficit. Methods In a group of 40 patients with schizophrenia, we tested the hypothesis that mental disorganization and impoverishment, along with impaired cognition and role-function reflect a latent variable that is a plausible candidate for the core deficit. We derived disorganization and impoverishment factors from three symptom scales: PANSS, SSPI and CASH. For each of the three scales, we demonstrated significant correlation between these factors and impaired role function assessed using the Social and Occupational Functioning Scale (SOFAS) and cognitive impairment measured using the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST). We then assessed the relationship between this latent “core deficit” variable and Post Movement Beta Rebound (PMBR), measured using magnetoencephalography and associated with persisting brain disorders. Results A single factor model provided excellent fit for the four features of core deficit, requiring no further modifications. Results were consistently similar for measures from all three scales. χ2 value was non-significant (range: 0.30 to 2.13, df = 2, p &gt; 0.35), GFI met the threshold of greater than 0.9 (range = .976 to .996) and RMSEA was lesser than 0.06 (range = 0.000 to 0.040). PMBR was found to be significantly reduced in the schizophrenia group compared to healthy controls (t (28) =44.2 ± 12.1, p = 0.001). PMBR was strongly correlated with disorganization (r (40) = .600, p=0.001). In the hierarchical regression, neither age nor medication dose were significant predictors, but PMBR did predict the severity of the core deficit (F (1, 23) = 12.6, P=0.002, R² = -.592). Discussion Scores for the two latent variables representing impoverishment and disorganization of mental activity in schizophrenia can be derived from each of three symptom rating scales. A composite measure of impoverishment, disorganization, impaired cognition and impaired role function reflects an underlying psychopathological process that might be described as the core deficit of classical schizophrenia.


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