marshall stability
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Coatings ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 54
Author(s):  
Nicola Baldo ◽  
Matteo Miani ◽  
Fabio Rondinella ◽  
Jan Valentin ◽  
Pavla Vackcová ◽  
...  

This paper presents a study about a Machine Learning approach for modeling the stiffness of different high-modulus asphalt concretes (HMAC) prepared in the laboratory with harder paving grades or polymer-modified bitumen which were designed with or without reclaimed asphalt (RA) content. Notably, the mixtures considered in this study are not part of purposeful experimentation in support of modeling, but practical solutions developed in actual mix design processes. Since Machine Learning models require a careful definition of the network hyperparameters, a Bayesian optimization process was used to identify the neural topology, as well as the transfer function, optimal for the type of modeling needed. By employing different performance metrics, it was possible to compare the optimal models obtained by diversifying the type of inputs. Using variables related to the mix composition, namely bitumen content, air voids, maximum and average bulk density, along with a categorical variable that distinguishes the bitumen type and RAP percentages, successful predictions of the Stiffness have been obtained, with a determination coefficient (R2) value equal to 0.9909. Nevertheless, the use of additional input, namely the Marshall stability or quotient, allows the Stiffness prediction to be further improved, with R2 values equal to 0.9938 or 0.9922, respectively. However, the cost and time involved in the Marshall test may not justify such a slight prediction improvement.


2022 ◽  
Vol 961 (1) ◽  
pp. 012041
Author(s):  
Abdulrasool Thamer Abdulrasool ◽  
Yasir N. Kadhim ◽  
Wail Asim Mohammad Hussain ◽  
Ghazi Jalal Kashesh ◽  
Hayder Adnan Abdulhussein

Abstract Highway pavements are being exposed to increasing traffic loads and severe environmental conditions, resulting in reduced service life. A lot of studies have been conducted to modify asphalt by using different materials, especially to replace the ordinary filler. Because the behaviour of the hot asphalt mix is influenced by the fillers. The use of unusual materials as fillers in asphalt mixes can help to improve the mix’s characteristics. As a result, this study uses cow dung ash materials with various replacement ratios as fillers to investigate the mechanical properties of asphalt. In the asphalt mix, a replacement percentage of limestone (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 80%, and 100%) was utilized. After that, various tests were performed such as Marshall stability, Marshall flow, voids in mineral aggregate, theoretical maximum specific gravity, air voids. The results revealed a significant improvement in the asphalt mix’s behaviour, as well as an increase in the replacement percentage. According to the findings, the 50% replacement rate has the highest Marshall stability which is equal to 11.11 with a 33.5% rise and the lowest flow of 3 with a 17.83% decrease when compared to the reference mix. As a result, cow dung ash can be used as a filler to modify the mechanical properties of the asphalt mix.


2022 ◽  
Vol 961 (1) ◽  
pp. 012047
Author(s):  
Mays A Jaafar ◽  
Hasan H Joni ◽  
Hussein H Karim

Abstract Recycling asphalt is a significant stage in pavement industry, yet it can be unfavorable to the durability of the recycled mix due to the loss of binder charachteristics, thus the mixture will be weaker to the external factors like moisture. This study aims to evaluate the influence of nanoclay montmorillonite k10 powder (MMT) on Marshall’s characteristics and moisture resistance in Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) mixtures. Three percentages of rejuvenated RAP were used, 30%, 40%, and 50% of the total mixture, these percentages were modified with 0%, 1%, 3%, and 5% nanoclay (MMT) of the neat binder’s weight. Asphalt Cement AC(85-100) was used to rejuvenate the RAP. The Marshall test was conducted on modified RAP to detect the effect on the Marshall stability and flow and air void, indirect tensile strength tests (ITS) were also conducted before and after nanoclay powder addition to compare and assess the resistance of moisture to rejuvenated RAP mixtures. The results of the laboratory tests have shown that the use of 5% nanoclay in the regenerated RAP mixes offers superior performance than without it, where it enhanced stability by 15%, reduced flow by 14.3%, and increased moisture damage resistance by 3.66% all for 50% RAP mixtures.


2022 ◽  
Vol 2153 (1) ◽  
pp. 012006
Author(s):  
Y W Yung-Vargas ◽  
A Rodríguez-Lizcano ◽  
C A Peña-Soto

Abstract The dense hot MDC-19 type asphalt mixes are considered, by the “Instituto Nacional de Vías” in Colombia, as continuous grading asphalt mixes (asphalt concrete). These constitute most of the surface course, in the structures of in-service pavements, being the object of study and research in different projects to ensure their durability. In the present investigation, unlike other investigations, the mechanical behavior under Marshall monotonic load was studied in the laboratory between MDC-19 dense type asphalt mixtures, comparing plant-produced and laboratory-produced asphalt mixtures. To carry out this process, samples of uncompacted asphalt mixtures were taken, produced in four fixed plants, with which Marshall-type briquettes were compacted. Likewise, samples of mineral aggregates and asphalt cement were obtained from the same plants, which constitute the mixtures raw material produced there. With these materials, briquettes with the same characteristics were mixed and compacted. Subsequently, the resistance under Marshall monotonic load was determined on the briquettes manufactured in plant and laboratory. The optimal asphalt cement content was compared between plant and laboratory- produced mixtures. An increase in Marshall Stability was found in the briquettes made with plant-produced mixtures, while these required a greater amount of asphalt cement for their production.


2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 130-136
Author(s):  
Samer Ali Naji ◽  
Alaa H. Abed

The objective of this paper is find the effect of using iron oxide as a filler on the Marshall stability, flow and the volumetric properties of HMA and compared the results with conventional HMA using limestone dust. Three blends were used: coarse, mid and fine with neat bitumen (AC 40-50). One aggregate type (crushed) with two types of fillers: limestone and iron oxide III (α- ) with three different filler content 6%, 8% and 10%. The Marshall mix design was conducted on the three blends and the optimum binder content is computed for each blend. The Marshall stability test results and the volumetric properties analysis showed that increasing the iron oxide content from 6% to 10%  increases the stability about 28%, 17% , 16% for the coarse , mid and fine mixtures respectively. This increment in stability of mixtures using iron oxide related to the increment in specific gravity of the mix (Gmb) by (1.3% to 1.5% about 30 to 50 kg/m3). On the other hand, the flow of mixtures is decreased about (5%) for mixes using iron oxide than the ones that used limestone as filler. The fine blend with 10% iron oxide exhibit the highest stability of 13.3 kN. While the coarse blend stability was 10 kN for the same filler type and content. Generally, the Marshall Test results of HMA using iron oxide as filler showed better resistance to plastic deformation, also produce denser HMA with higher stiffness. On the other hand, the volumetric properties analysis showed lesser values as compared with conventional mixture where the void in mineral aggregates and void filled with asphalt has decreased but within the acceptable limits.


Jurnal CIVILA ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 257
Author(s):  
Fauzan Adzim ◽  
Zulkifli Lubis ◽  
Bobby Damara

The purpose of this study are to find out the process of making AC-WC asphalt by using waste tire ore as an additives to hot mix asphalt and also to find out the general effect of waste tire ore as additives in the asphalt mixture to the characteristics of AC-WC asphalt. [2].In this study, the variation of the mixture added with tire ore starting from 0%, 3%, 6% and 8% addition of tire ore waste for the highest variation value is 3%, stability value is 494.99 kg, Voids Filled With Asphalt’s value is 68,40%, value of Voids in Mix is 3.65%, flow value is 3,21 %, value of Marshall Quotient is 154,61 kg/mm, Density’s value is 2,29 gr/cc. Finally, it was concluded that the addition of waste tire ore is not in accordance with SNI 06-2489-1991 because the higher percentage value in the mixture will decrease the value of Marshall Stability.


Author(s):  
Ekarizan Shaffie ◽  
◽  
H.A. Rashid ◽  
Fiona Shiong ◽  
Ahmad Kamil Arshad ◽  
...  

Stone Mastic Asphalt (SMA) is a gap-graded hot mixture designed to provide higher resistance towards permanent deformation and rutting potential by 30% to 40% more than dense-graded asphalt, due to its stable aggregate skeleton structure. However, compared to other types of hot mix asphalt, SMA unfortunately has some shortcomings in term of its susceptibility towards moisture-induced damage due to its structure and excessive bitumen content in the composition. This research aims to assess the performance of a SMA mixture with steel fiber by enhancing overall stability, abrasion resistance, and, most importantly, moisture susceptibility. This study involved the incorporation of various steel fiber proportions of 0%, 0.3%, 0.5% and 0.7% by the total weight of mixture. The steel fiber modified SMA was made up of 6.0% PEN 60/70 bitumen content. The performance of SMA were evaluated through Marshall stability and flow test, Cantabro loss test and indirect tensile strength test. The results obtained from the testing showed that the incorporation of steel fiber is significantly effective to enhance the resistance towards moisture damage, while increasing the stability and reducing the abrasion loss of SMA mixture, compared to conventional mixture. Overall, it can be concluded that the addition of steel fiber in asphalt mixture specifically SMA, has improved the mechanical performance in the application of asphalt pavement with the optimum steel fiber proportion of 0.3% by the weight of mixture. The developed models between the independent variables and responses demonstrated high levels of correlation. The study found that Response Surface Methodology (RSM) is an effective statistical method for providing an appropriate empirical model for relating parameters and predicting the optimum performance of an asphaltic mixture to reduce flexible pavement failure.


2021 ◽  
Vol 2129 (1) ◽  
pp. 012039
Author(s):  
Mohd Badrul Hisyam Ab Manaf ◽  
Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah ◽  
Rafiza Abdul Razak ◽  
Muhammad Munsif Ahmad ◽  
Mustaqqim Abdul Rahim ◽  
...  

Abstract Fly Ash (FA) is one of the sustainable materials to substitute Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) was found commercialized in construction field but the usage in HMA pavement is limited. Thus, this study is important to promote FA as a sustainable filler instead of using OPC to reduce greenhouse gases. The primary aim is to investigate the Marshall Stability of HMA that incorporating of OPC and FA as filler. In addition, Optimum Bitumen Content (OBC) determination also conducted in this study. Marshall Stability test was conducted based on ASTM 2006 for both mixtures. The parameters gained from the test are the stability, flow, air void in mix (VIM), void filled bitumen (VFB) and stiffness being used to OBC. The OBC for HMA with OPC filler obtained is 5.06% meanwhile for HMA with FA is 4.79%. All Marshall Parameters was complied with of Malaysia Public Work Department (PWD) Standard for both mixtures. The HMA with FA filler give better results for all parameters. Based on OBC percentage, usage of asphalt binder was reduced at 0.29%. Thus, it was more economical if using FA compared with OPC as a filler. Furthermore, HMA with FA filler have better stability and strength as well as lesser deformation with HMA with OPC filler. For the overall, FA have huge potential in substituting other mineral filler to produce better quality of asphalt pavement.


Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (22) ◽  
pp. 7060
Author(s):  
Mohammad Alharthai ◽  
Qing Lu ◽  
Ahmed Elnihum ◽  
Asad Elmagarhe

This study investigates the substitution of conventional aggregate with a Florida washed shell in open-graded asphalt mixtures and evaluates the optimal substitution percentage in aggregate gradations of various nominal maximum aggregate sizes (NMASs) (i.e., 4.75, 9.5, and 12.5 mm). Laboratory experiments were performed on open-graded asphalt mixture specimens with the coarse aggregate of sizes between 2.36 and 12.5 mm being replaced by the Florida washed shell at various percentages (0, 15, 30, 45, and 100%). Specimen properties relevant to the performance of open-graded asphalt mixtures in the field were tested, evaluated, and compared. Specifically, a Marshall stability test, Cantabro test, indirect tensile strength test, air void content test, and permeability test were conducted to evaluate the strength, resistance to raveling, cracking resistance, void content, and permeability of open-graded asphalt mixtures. The results show that there is no significant difference in the Marshall stability and indirect tensile strength when the coarse aggregates are replaced with Florida washed shell. This study also found that the optimum percentages of Florida washed shell in open-graded asphalt mixture were 15, 30, and 45% for 12.5, 9.5, and 4.75 mm NMAS gradations, respectively.


Author(s):  
Tiruwork Mulatu ◽  
◽  
Biruk Yigezu ◽  
Anteneh Geremew ◽  
◽  
...  

The main objective of this study was to evaluate the suitability of recycled asphalt aggregate with fresh aggregate in hot mix asphalt production by using experimental laboratory investigation. Also, Non-probable sampling techniques were adopted to collect a sample. The engineering properties of extracted Reclaimed asphalt pavement aggregate and the fresh crushed aggregate were identified based on standard specification before starting the Marshall Mix design, Then the Marshall Stability test was conducted on crushed aggregate with three different aggregate gradation sizes 5.0%, 5.5% and 6.0% by weight of aggregates and with five different bitumen content 4.0%, 4.5%, 5.0%, 5.5% and 6.0% by weight of total mix. Depending on the selected aggregate gradation Marshall Stability test was conducted for reclaimed asphalt pavement aggregate with a replacement rate of 5.0%, 15%, 25%, 35%, 45%, 55%, and 65% by weight of crushed aggregate to determine its optimum bitumen content according to National Asphalt Pavement Association method (NAPAM). A total of 64 mix designs and 190 specimens were prepared. Hence, Marshall Stability and Moisture Susceptibility test with 3-trials, hence rutting test with 2-trials. From 190 specimens, 45 were for the control mix, 105 were for replacement proportion, 36 were for Moisture Susceptibility and 4 were for Rutting Based on the Marshall Test results and their performance tests such as Moisture Susceptibility and Rutting was performed to maximum allowable replacement percentage was compared with standard specification. The optimum bitumen content result obtained in percent was 5.1, 5.04, 4.98, 4.87, 4.81, 4.74, 4.67 and 4.53 for 0 % (control), 5.0%, 15%, 25%, 35%, 45%, 55% and 65%, respectively. The experimental value of Tensile Strength Ratio, proportional rut depth and mean rut depth on 45% RAPA replacement was 85.42% and 4.48 %, 2.24 mm respectively. Finally, the test result obtained from the marshal stability and the performance testes indicates that up to 45% replacement of aggregate is reclaimed asphalt pavement aggregate in hot mix asphalt production satisfies the standard specification.


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