Chemical Compound of Terminalia Catappa L. as Hemostatic Agents in Post Tooth Extraction

Terminalia catappa L. is one of the herbal plants that contain flavonoids that play a role in wound healing including to bleeding after tooth extraction. The aim of our study was to identify the chemical compounds contained in Terminalia catappa L. leaves. This type of research was experimental. The sample in this study was the leaves of Terminalia catappa number 3-6 from the base, at a tree height of 6 meters picked as much as 6 kilograms. Data analysis qualitatively and quantitatively. The highest content in ethanol extract of Terminalia catappa L of saponins and alkaloids were fractioned with distilled water and the lowest content were fractioned with hexane. Meanwhile distilled water is also used to fractioned the highest content of tannins and phenol. While ethyl acetate was used to fractioned the lowest content of tannins and the highest content of flavonoid. The lowest flavonoid in distilled water extract was fractioned using hexane. For the lowest content of phenol was fractioned using hexane. The results show the highest content of saponins is 3,787.80 mg/100g, the lowest is 166.67 mg/100g. The highest content of Alkaloids is 1,798.57 mg/100g, and the lowest is 576.80 mg/100g. The highest content of tannins is 53,140.72 mg/100g, the lowest is 8,391,803 mg/100g. The highest content of flavonoids is 2,5964.14 mg/100g, the lowest flavonoid is 462.84 mg/100g. The highest content of phenol 29,968.05 mg/100g, the lowest is 225.46 mg/100g. The highest antioxidant activity with AAI (Antioxidant Activity Index) obtains value of 0.36. This shows the moderate antioxidant ability. Terminalia catappa L. contain saponins, alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, and triterpenoids. The active compound of Terminalia catappa L will generally be produced optimally if a polar solvent is used.

Terminalia catappa Extract Palliates Redox Imbalance and Inflammation in Diabetic Rats by Upregulating Nrf-2 Gene

This study aims at evaluating the ameliorative role of Terminalia catappa aqueous leaf extract (TCA) on hyperglycaemia-induced oxidative stress and inflammation in a high-fat, low dose streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetic rat model. Experimental rats were treated orally with 400 and 800 mg/kg bw TCA daily for four weeks. Antioxidant enzyme activities, plasma glucose concentration, protein concentration, oxidative stress, and inflammation biomarkers were assayed using standard methods. Hepatic relative expressions of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-six (IL-6), and nuclear factor-erythroid 2 related factor 2 (Nrf-2) were also assessed. Molecular docking and prediction of major TCA phytoconstituents’ biological activity related to T2DM-induced oxidative stress were evaluated in silico. Induction of diabetes significantly ( p < 0.05 ) reduced superoxide dismutase, glutathione-S-transferase, and peroxidase activities. Glutathione and protein stores were significantly ( p < 0.05 ) depleted, while glucose, MDA, interleukin-six (IL-6), and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) concentrations were significantly ( p < 0.05 ) increased. A significant ( p < 0.05 ) upregulation of hepatic TNF-α and IL-6 expression and downregulation ( p < 0.05 ) of Nrf-2 expression were observed during diabetes onset. TCA treatment significantly ( p < 0.05 ) modulated systemic diabetic-induced oxidative stress and inflammation, mRNA expression dysregulation, and dysregulated macromolecule metabolism. However, only 800 mg/kg TCA treatment significantly ( p < 0.05 ) downregulated hepatic TNF-α expression. 9-Oxabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane-2,6-diol and 1,2,3-Benzenetriol bound comparably to glibenclamide in Nrf-2, IL-6, and TNF-α binding pockets. They were predicted to be GST A and M substrate, JAK2 expression, ribulose-phosphate 3-epimerase, NADPH peroxidase, and glucose oxidase inhibitors. These results suggest that TCA ameliorates hyperglycaemia-induced oxidative stress and inflammation by activating Nrf-2 gene.

MANEJO DA FLORA E ORDENAMENTO DO USO PÚBLICO EM ÁREA COSTEIRA DE PRESERVAÇÃO PERMANENTE NO DISTRITO DE TAMOIOS, CABO FRIO/RJ

São apresentadas ações aplicadas na recuperação e manejo da vegetação de restinga em uma área de preservação permanente na orla sul do Distrito de Tamoios, Cabo Frio, RJ. As atividades se concentraram no cercamento da área, controle de espécies vegetais monodominantes e invasoras, retirada de resíduos e confecção de placas educativas. A espécie monodominante que está sendo retirada é a Dalbergia ecastophyllum (L.) Taub que ocupou a área de forma intensa, limitando o desenvolvimento das outras espécies nativas. Foram identificados também vários indivíduos de espécie Terminalia catappa que apresenta grande potencial invasivo, além da espécie Ipomoea cairica (L.) Sweet que compete com a própria D. ecastophyllum. O resultado observado após a supressão é a rápida expansão de outras espécies nativas sobre a área, favorecidas pela biomassa da D. ecastophyllum depositada sobre o terreno conservando a sua umidade e nutrientes e protegendo-o da ação dos ventos. A espécie Ipomoea pes-caprae (L.) R.Br, que já ocupava a zona da pós-praia, se expande para o reverso da duna. A realização de um inventário das espécies de flora nas áreas recuperadas é proposta, além de estudos da relação do comportamento da vegetação de restinga com as mudanças climáticas. Desta forma, procura-se contribuir com a proposta de criação, zoneamento e normas de uma Unidade de Conservação que conduza o uso da área e de seu manejo, além da implantação de estruturas físicas necessárias na faixa de vegetação de restinga.

Central nervous system depressant activity of fractions of Globimetula braunii Engl. (Loranthaceae) growing on Terminalia catappa L. (Combretaceae) and isolation of lupeol

Globimetula braunii is a parasitic plant belonging to the family Loranthaceae. Traditionally, the plant has been reported to be used in the treatment of insomnia. The study was carried out to investigate the central nervous system (CNS) depressant activity of the fractions of Globimetula braunii growing on Terminalia catappa and to isolate the phytochemical compound(s) present in the most active fraction. The CNS depressant activity of all the fractions was investigated using diazepam induced sleep. The most active fraction was further subjected to the hole board test and beam walk assay. The chromatographic technique was used for the isolation of phytochemical compound. Hexane fraction significantly (p<0.05) reduced latency to sleep and prolonged the sleeping time. Both chloroform and ethylacetate fractions at highest and median doses showed significant increase in the duration of sleep compared to normal saline. The n-butanol fraction at all doses tested do not have any effect on time of onset and duration of sleep when compared with normal saline treated group. Hexane fraction significantly (p<0.05) decreased the number of head dip in a dose dependent manner and delayed the time to reach the goal box compared to normal saline treated group. Lupeol was isolated from n-hexane fraction.

Extração da proteína e análise dos perfis hemaglutinante e anticoagulante com sangue humano “O” positivo, de frutos da castanhola (Terminalia catappa Linn.)

Nos cotilédones de algumas sementes podem conter proteínas com atividades biológicas específicas, como as lectinas que são capazes de aglutinar eritrócitos, ou inibidores de proteases que agem anticoagulantes naturais que regulam a atividade de proteases. Assim, este trabalho teve por objetivo realizar a extração das proteínas presentes nos cotilédones da semente da castanhola em pHs diferenciados, além de verificar a presença de compostos com atividades anticoagulante e hemaglutinante. Foi então realizada a extração das proteínas, verificando-se a atividade hemaglutinante, anticoagulante e também a concentração de proteínas pelo método do Biureto. Os resultados indicaram não haver a presença de lectinas ou inibidores por não haver atividade coagulante e hemaglutinante nas amostras. Utilizando o método do Biureto foi possível perceber que a concentração de proteína foi baixa, o que pode sugerir que a concentração do extrato poderia não ser suficiente para as atividades testadas, sugerindo-se realizar novamente os testes com maiores concentrações.

The Inhibitory Effects of Terminalia catappa L. Extract on the Migration and Invasion of Human Glioblastoma Multiforme Cells

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the most aggressive and common types of brain tumor. Due to its high proliferation ability, a high lethality rate has been observed with this malignant glial tumor. Terminalia catappa L. (T. catappa) is currently known to have anti-inflammatory and anti-carcinogenesis effects. However, few studies have examined the mechanisms of the leaf extracts of T. catappa (TCE) on GBM cells. In the current study, we demonstrated that TCE can significantly inhibit the migration and invasion capabilities of GBM cell lines without showing biotoxic effects. Matrix metalloproteinases-2 (MMP-2) activity and protein expression were attenuated by reducing the p38 phosphorylation involved in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. By treating with TCE and/or p38 inhibitor (SB203580), we confirmed that p38 MAPK is involved in the inhibition of cell migration. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that TCE inhibits human GBM cell migration and MMP-2 expression by regulating the p38 pathway. These results reveal that TCE contains potent therapeutic compounds which could be applied for treating GBM brain tumors.